The first key to understanding this question is remembering that beta cells in the pancreas are responsible for secreting insulin. If the beta cells are destroyed, then insulin levels are low. Insulin and glucagon act in opposite ways to keep the concentration of blood glucose in the normal range, providing a negative feedback loop. Insulin inhibits glucagon, and glucagon inhibits insulin. If insulin is low, then glucagon will not be inhibited and will be produced at higher levels than normal.

Type II diabetes results from an eventual lack of function of the pancreatic beta cells. The first step to this problem is remembering that the beta cells produce insulin. If the beta cells do not function, insulin levels will be decreased. The second step to this problem is remembering that insulin and glucagon have contrasting actions in the regulation of blood glucose levels. They act in a negative feedback loop: insulin inhibits glucagon release, and glucagon inhibits insulin release. If insulin levels are low, then glucagon will no longer be inhibited. As a result, we would observe low levels of insulin and elevated levels of glucagon.

Milk production is influenced by prolactin (produced in the anterior pituitary). Bone growth is influenced by growth hormone (produced in the anterior pituitary). Ovulation is controlled by luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone (both produced in the anterior pituitary). T4, a thyroid hormone, is controlled by thyroid-stimulating hormone (produced in the anterior pituitary). Water retention, on the other hand, is controlled by antidiuretic hormone (produced in the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary).

The corpus luteum forms after ovulation, when a pregnancy would be most expected. The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which maintains the endometrium for potential implantation.

Alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans are responsible for producing and secreting glucagon in response to high blood glucose levels. Insulin antagonizes the alpha cells to prevent glucagon release. In diabetes, when the beta cells of the pancreas are not functional, extremely high levels of glucagon exist in the blood due to loss of the negative feedback loop.

Beta and delta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce insulin and somatostatin, respectively. Neurons release acetylcholine to modulate glucose control through indirect processes.

Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla and regulated by the sympathetic system.

Cortisone, progesterone, and thyroxin are regulated by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), respectively. These regulatory hormones are all released from the anterior pituitary. ACTH acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate glucocorticoid release, including cortisone. LH acts on the ovaries to mediate estrogen and progesterone release. TSH acts on the thyroid to mediate the release of T3 and T4. T4 is also known as thyroxine.

Beta cells in the islets of Langerhans are responsible for producing and secreting insulin in response to high blood glucose levels. In type I diabetes these cells are destroyed by an autoimmune process, while in type II diabetes they are replaced with scar tissue.

Alpha and delta cells in the islets of Langerhans produce glucagon and somatostatin, respectively. Neurons release acetylcholine to modulate glucose control through indirect processes.

Because of their nonpolar nature, steroid hormones can easily cross the cell membrane. This enables the hormone to work with its receptor, commonly located inside the cell. Their effects are long-lived since they involve genetic alteration at the transcription level. This, however, also means that steroid hormones take longer than peptide hormones to produce a response. 

Prolactin is an example of a non-tropic hormone released by the anterior pituitary.

All three hormones—luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone—are part of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. One should be familiar with this axis and with the fact that testosterone exerts negative control at both the level of the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary.