The lysosomes contain an acidic environment and digestive enzymes. Damage to the membrane would allow hydrogen ions and these enzymes to escape into the cytoplasm of the cell, where they would do damage to the other cellular components.

Damage to a mitochondrion or chloroplast would affect energy production in the cell, but would not actively cause damage. Ribosomes don't have membranes.

Carbons bound via one double bond are sp² hybridized, as long as the remaining two bonds are each sigma bonds. Take the number of sigma bonds and subtract one for your exponent in the sp^x expression.

In order to find the hybridization of an atom, simply count the number of sigma bonds and lone pair electrons around the atom. The carbon in formic acid is double bonded to an oxygen, and has two single bonds. This means that it has sp² hybridization. Upon being reduced to methanol, the carbon now has four single bonds surrounding it. As a result, the carbon now has sp³ hybridization.

Remember that a triple bond corresponds to sp hydrization, a double bond to sp², and single bonds to sp³ for a carbon atom.

Radical reactions have an sp², trigonal planer carbon radical intermediate. Carbon radicals are most stable as tertiary species.

2-butyne has the following chemical structure.

The end carbons have  hybridization (form single bonds only), while the middle two carbons have  hybridization (involved in a triple bond).  There are no  hybridized carbons in this molecule.  

Acetic acid has the formula . This compound is common enough that the IUPAC name will rarely be given, and you will need to recognize it by common name alone.

Acetic acid has two carbons in the molecule. The carbonyl carbon is the carbon that is double bonded to oxygen. This double bond gives the carbonyl carbon hybridization. The other carbon has four atoms attached to it, which gives it  hybridization. Remember that the hybridization of an atom is dependent on the total number of bonded atoms, plus the number of lone electron pairs.

The character of a hybrid orbital is defined as the extent to which it resembles the unhybridized orbitals that created it. For example, an  orbital has half "s" character and half "p" character and results from a triple bond. Remember that the more "s" character a bond has, the stronger, shorter, and more stable the bond will be.  and  hybridizations result in longer, weaker bonds (double bonds and single bond, respectively) due to increased contributions of "p" character.

The answer is arrows A and C. The carbon that is pointed to by arrow C is  hybridized. We see that its bond angles are at 120º (the full substituent points into the page) with a p-orbital that is involved in the pi bond of the carbonyl. Phenyl rings are also made up of carbons that are all hybridized. The nitrogen pointed to by arrow B has two electrons that are not shown, but cause the atom to be hybridized. The methyl groups denoted by arrow D are also  hybridized.

We can quickly tell the hybridization of atoms by observing their double bonds and unbonded electrons. As a rule of thumb, any carbon, nitrogen, or oxygen involved in a double bond will be hybridized. Any of these atoms with no double bonds will be hybridized. Finally, nitrogens or carbons involved in triple bonds are hybridized.

Methyl groups are  substituents, and thus have a central carbon with four single bonds, one of which is a covalent attachment to the DNA substrate: . A central carbon with four bonds will be hybridized.

Note that methylation is a covalent interaction, making it much more permanent than dipole interactions between DNA and histones. This allows methylation to have long-term effects, and is one of the principles of epigenetic regulation and inheritance.

Carbon A is  hybridized because this carbon is only bonded to two other atoms. Carbon B is bonded to four atoms, and would therefore be  hybridized.

Keep in mind that a carbon involved in a triple bond will always be hybridized, a carbon involved in a double bond will be hybridized, and a carbon involved only in single bonds will be hybridized.