LSAT Logical Reasoning : LSAT Logical Reasoning
Study concepts, example questions & explanations for LSAT Logical Reasoning
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Example Questions
Example Question #7 : Determining Which Answer Most Strengthens The Argument
Contrary to what many people believe, living in the city provides for a healthier lifestyle than living in the suburbs. This is due in large part to the fact that people who live in the city are often encouraged to walk more than people living in the suburbs.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the argument?
Suburban areas tend to experience more crime than cities.
Walking has been shown to be beneficial to a person's cardiovascular health.
While there is more air pollution in the city, there are also more measures taken to purify the air that is circulated indoors.
Due to the higher frequency of traffic collisions in suburban areas than in cities, it is safer to live in cities.
Food in cities tends to be healthier than food in the suburbs.
Walking has been shown to be beneficial to a person's cardiovascular health.
The argument hinges on the fact that cities are healthier than suburban areas due to the fact that people walk more. Therefore, information that would strengthen this argument would support the fact that walking is in fact healthy. Therefore, the answer is:
Walking has been shown to be beneficial to a person's cardiovascular health.
Example Question #41 : Lsat Logical Reasoning
Psychologist: Intelligence cannot be adequately captured by a single number, such as an IQ score. There are different types of intelligence, including social, emotional, and kinesthetic. Indeed, these forms of intelligence may be even more important than IQ when it comes to everyday functioning and life satisfaction. Humans face different types of challenges, many of which cannot be expressed or measured in a standardized test. It is, therefore, likely that IQ scores are overvalued in our society, and should be de-emphasized.
Which one of the following, if true, lends the most support to the psychologist’s argument?
Studies have shown that persons with high IQ scores tend to succeed more in white collar rather than blue collar jobs.
Some scientists have criticized IQ scores for being unreliable over time, due to the possibility of test takers being able to “study” for them by focusing on specific mathematical and verbal subjects between assessments.
One longitudinal study found that participants, who were statistically indistinguishable with regard to their IQ scores, reported being happier and more financially successful when they were skilled at managing their social and family relationships.
Most adults in our society have never taken an IQ test and do not know what their IQ score is.
Some psychologists have devised testing regimes to measure social and kinesthetic intelligence, which involve hands-on assessments rather than the usual standardized testing format.
One longitudinal study found that participants, who were statistically indistinguishable with regard to their IQ scores, reported being happier and more financially successful when they were skilled at managing their social and family relationships.
The key phrases in the psychologist’s conclusion are “everyday functioning and life satisfaction.” A study which shows that skills not measured by IQ (relationship management) may lead to greater happiness and financial success is strong evidence of an IQ score’s limitations.
Example Question #42 : Lsat Logical Reasoning
Transcriptionist: To be a successful transcriptionist, you must focus on improving your typing speed. But “words per minute” alone is not the best measure. You should instead focus on being able to quickly and accurately type long passages of at least five hundred words. You need to encounter a variety of different words, numbers, and types of punctuation. Shorter passages, while useful to obtain a higher maximum speed, are insufficient to sustain speed over the long term.
Which one of the following statements, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the transcriptionist’s argument?
Most passages encountered by transcriptionists in their job are over five hundred words long and contain a variety of different words, numbers, and types of punctuation.
Most transcriptionist jobs are obtained by persons with at least a year of formal training.
One’s typing speed over the course of one hundred words will drop by an average of 20% after typing for five hundred words.
When asked what factors are considered in hiring transcriptionist applicants, the majority of employers stated that typing speed was the single most important factor.
Most successful transcriptionists type, on average, faster than 90% of the population.
Most passages encountered by transcriptionists in their job are over five hundred words long and contain a variety of different words, numbers, and types of punctuation.
The transcriptionist’s advice is valid if being a successful transcriptionist involves the kind of typing recommended. That such passages are of the kind used by transcriptionists is assumed, but not directly stated by the transcriptionist.
Example Question #11 : Strengthen/Support
A study of history is necessary to understand science, which means understanding the scientific method. The scientific method has developed over the centuries, and though now taken for granted, has certain underlying assumptions which must be realized in order to fully understand its limitations. For instance, five hundred years ago it was not assumed that one had to develop a working hypothesis prior to beginning experimentation. Back then the steps could be taken out of order or skipped altogether. Such ideas are unheard of in today’s scientific community, and we need more scientists who are fully aware of how this came about.
Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument?
Most scientists are unaware of the history of the development of the scientific method.
Even as recently as one hundred years ago, the steps of the scientific method were slightly different than they are today.
The scientific community prefers to focus on results rather than understanding the methods behind the results.
Some scientists, even today, do not follow the scientific method exactly as they were trained to do.
The only way to fully realize the underlying assumptions of the scientific method is to study history.
The only way to fully realize the underlying assumptions of the scientific method is to study history.
The argument’s main point is that studying history is necessary to understand the scientific method, and by extension the method’s limitations. If a study of history is the only way to fully understand those limitations, the conclusion is strengthened. Otherwise it could be argued that scientists could study and understand the limitations without the historical background. The other answer choices, while they may be helpful in establishing some of the argument’s premises, do not strengthen the conclusion.
Example Question #12 : Strengthen/Support
It is a costly, needless error to require extensive training for all medical professionals. Some perform complex surgeries and some eye exams, but all are required to receive broad training. If training requirements were more appropriately adapted to particular jobs within the medical field, many medical professionals could more easily become certified to practice and would charge less for their services.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
Medical professionals who are not required to receive broad training would more easily become certified and would charge less for their services
Those who perform eye exams can do so without broad training
When medical professionals more easily obtain certification, they charge less for their services
Broad training allows medical professionals to charge less for their services
Medical professionals who perform complex surgeries and those who perform eye exams receive the same training
Medical professionals who are not required to receive broad training would more easily become certified and would charge less for their services
The argument in its original form assumes a connection between less broad training and the benefits of lower charges and ease of certification. The argument is clearly strengthened if there is such a connection.
Example Question #43 : Lsat Logical Reasoning
The college degree has become worthless. There was a time when a select group of people obtained college degrees and were uniquely qualified for particular jobs as a result. Today, many more people have college degrees so having one no longer makes a person uniquely qualified.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
More people with college degrees are unemployed now than ten years ago
A college degree is worthless if it does not uniquely qualify a person for particular jobs
It costs more to obtain a college degree than it once did
More jobs require college degrees than in the past
If a person cannot obtain a good job because of a college degree, the degree is worthless
A college degree is worthless if it does not uniquely qualify a person for particular jobs
The author asserts that college degrees are now worthless, but supports that claim only by arguing that college degrees do not uniquely qualify people for particular jobs. In its original form, the argument does not necessarily support the author's primary claim. A degree may be valuable even though it does not uniquely qualify a person for particular jobs.
Example Question #13 : Strengthen/Support
Marsha currently plays basketball for Team 1 but should consider playing for Team 2. Team 2 would be glad to have Marsha because she is very talented and she would have a much better chance of winning a championship than if she stays with Team 1. It is true that Marsha can probably make more money on Team 1, but her primary goal is to win a championship.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
Marsha would have a better chance of winning a championship with Team 3 than with Team 1 or Team 2
Marsha has a better chance of winning a championship if she plays for Team 2 than if she plays for any other team
Marsha is not the most talented player on Team 1, but would be the most talented player on Team 2
Marsha has never won a championship
Marsha would be paid more to play for Team 2 than she would be paid to play for any team except Team 1
Marsha has a better chance of winning a championship if she plays for Team 2 than if she plays for any other team
The argument suggests that Marsha should play for Team 2 because she would have a greater chance of winning a championship on that team than with Team 1. If she has an even better chance of winning a championship elsewhere, however, then it would no longer be clear that Marsha should play for Team 2. As a result, the argument is stronger if Marsha has a better chance of winning a championship with Team 2 than with any other team.
Example Question #14 : Strengthen/Support
For about thirty years, government intelligence departments have spent resources equally between domestic and foreign activities. For about the same amount of time, intelligence departments have conducted covert operations in addition to intelligence gathering. This conduct has raised public concern that intelligence departments wield too much authority. In the end, though, domestic spending and covert operations may be simply a consequence of ineptness.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
The public has been concerned that intelligence departments are too powerful for more than thirty years
Intelligence departments were inept before they began covert operations or spending on domestic intelligence
Intelligence departments have conducted fewer covert operations over the last fifteen years than they did over the fifteen years prior to that
Intelligence departments have been less powerful over the last thirty years than they were previously
Intelligence departments must be powerful in order to address international threats
Intelligence departments have been less powerful over the last thirty years than they were previously
No answer choice provides substantial support for the author. The correct answer here, however, provides some support for the author's skepticism about whether the conduct of departments indicates that they wield too much power. If departments were more powerful before they began covert operations and domestic spending, then it is somewhat less likely that this conduct indicates too much power.
Example Question #44 : Lsat Logical Reasoning
Teacher: While standardized testing is appropriate for adults and high school students, it should not be used with younger children. The variety of curricula, as well as the fact that many elementary school-aged children are home schooled or attend private schools, make a single standard of measurement nearly impossible at that age. While some would argue that children’s innate abilities can be isolated from their learned knowledge, experience shows that these distinctions are nearly impossible to make until children reach their teenage years.
Which one of the following, if true, would most support the teacher’s argument?
Standardized tests are becoming increasingly important for college admission, often outweighing a student’s high school grade point average.
Standardized IQ tests, which are crafted to take age into account, are commonly given to children as young as three years old.
Most elementary school children who attend private schools are taught the same subjects as those who attend public schools.
By the time they reach their junior year of high school, nearly all students have taken a class in algebra, though some take such classes as early as the seventh grade.
Many believe that the human brain’s capacity for learning does not fully develop until a person is at least sixteen years old.
By the time they reach their junior year of high school, nearly all students have taken a class in algebra, though some take such classes as early as the seventh grade.
Since the argument explicitly listed varying curricula as a reason to delay standardized testing, showing that nearly all high school juniors have taken algebra by then (and not all in the same grade) directly supports the argument. Giving a standardized test containing algebra is, in fact, more appropriate when all the students taking the test are familiar with it. The remaining answer choices either provide little relevant support or weaken the argument rather than strengthening it.
Example Question #45 : Lsat Logical Reasoning
Academics in theology departments generally agree that there are fewer religious people today than fifty years ago. There are two primary critiques of that view, however. First, the conclusion depends on a definition that is highly subject to debate. If “religion” is defined as a strongly held conviction about the purpose of the world, for instance, the academics may be incorrect. On the other hand, the conclusion would be justified if "religion" is defined as a belief in a supernatural god. Second, the academics base their conclusion almost exclusively on data collected from the western hemisphere.
Which of the following, if assumed, strengthens the conclusion of the academics?
Academics often draw conclusions based on evidence based almost exclusively on data from the western hemisphere
The definition of "religion" was as highly subject to debate fifty years ago as it is today
Most people believe "religion" should be defined as a belief in a supernatural god
The conclusion applied only to the western hemisphere
Fewer people believe in a supernatural god today than fifty years ago
The conclusion applied only to the western hemisphere
None of the answers responds to both objections. If the academics' conclusion applied only to the western hemisphere, however, then the second objection would be defeated and the academics' conclusion would be strengthened. At first glance, the answer that "most people believe 'religion' should be defined as a belief in a supernatural god," seems like an equally correct answer; but this does not directly refute the claim that the definition is "subject to debate."
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