In the right lung, the pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus. Instead, in the left lung, the pulmonary artery is superior to the bronchus. The mnemonic "RALS" is a helpful tool to remember this. RALS stands for in the Right lung, the pulmonary artery is Anterior to the bronchus, while in the Left lung, the pulmonary artery is Superior to the bronchus. It is important to be able to identify these features because they will help us know which lung we are looking at.

The left is smaller and has only two lobes because it allows room for the heart in its cardiac notch. The right lung has three lobes. Remember, if you are looking at the anterior side of a human (face side), the right lung is on your left side as the observer. 

Air from the nose or mouth meets the trachea, then the bronchi, then the bronchioles (primary, secondary, tertiary, terminal, then respiratory), then to the alveolar sacs and ducts, and finally the alveoli. Each structure after the bronchi is more branched and thinner to allow the successive expansion of air volume to meet the alveoli. The first part in the respiratory tract where gas exchange occurs is across the respiratory bronchioles, every structure leading to these have been purely for ventilation. However, the alveoli are the main site of gas exchange in the lungs.

The diaphragm is innervated by C3-C5 (phrenic nerve). The phrenic nerve receives innervation from parts of both the cervical plexus and the brachial plexus. The phrenic nerve contains motor, sensory, and sympathetic nerve fibers, providing motor supply to the diaphragm as well as sensation to the central tendon. Pain from the diaphragm can be referred to the shoulder.

The epiglottis is a flaplike cartilaginous structure. During breathing it stands upright, allowing air to enter the larynx. However, upon swallowing the epiglottis folds downward to a more horizontal position in order to cover the opening of the windpipe. This movement directs food to the esophagus and prevents food from entering air passages.

The right lung consists of 3 lobes: the superior lobe, the middle lobe, and the inferior lobe (also known as: upper, middle, and lower lobes). The superior and middle lobes are divided by the horizontal fissure, while the middle and inferior lobes are separated by the oblique fissure. The left lung is made up of 2 lobes, the superior and inferior lobes. These are separated by the oblique fissure. 

The thoracic cavity contains the lungs and the heart (the heart is located within the mediastinum which is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity). The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates it from the more inferior abdominopelvic cavity. The abdominopelvic cavity is the largest cavity in the body. The thoracic cavity is protected by the thoracic wall which consists of the ribcage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia. The cranial and vertebral cavities are the dorsal cavities in which the central nervous system are encased.

The trachea (windpipe) is a tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing for the passage of air. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. There is a right bronchus and a left bronchus and these branch into secondary and tertiary bronchi which branch into smaller tubes, known as bronchioles, then eventually to terminal bronchioles. No gas exchange occurs in the bronchi. The first site of gas exchange is the respiratory bronchioles, which lead into alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.

At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. The epiglottis closes the opening of the larynx during swallowing. 

The medial surface of the right lung lies adjacent only to heart, inferior and superior vena cava, azygos vein, and esophagus. The medial surface of the left lung lies adjacent to heart, aortic arch, thoracic arch, and esophagus.

The lingula is a tongue shaped portion of the upper lobe of the left lung. The left lung only has two lobes (upper and lower), which are divided by an oblique fissure. The left lung also has a cardiac impression, a cardiac notch, and groves for various parts of the aorta and other vasculature.

The right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, and lower). The right lung is larger than the left but it is shorter since the right dome of the diaphragm is higher (due to the liver).