The menstrual phase is divided into two halves—the first 14 days are involved in follicular maturation, and is thus known as the follicular phase, while the last 14 days involve the degneration of the corpus luteum, and is thus known as the luteal phase. Ovulation occurs around day 14, but there is no ovulatory phase. Menstruation normally occurs during the first 2-7 days of the cycle, during the follicular phase.

The corpus luteum is what remains of the folliclle after ovulation. If the egg is fertilized, the corpus luteum will be maintained due to the HCG from the embryo. HCG mimics the action of LH, maintaining the corpus luteum, which keeps producing progesterone, which is necessary for maintenance of the endometrium of the uterus. LH and FSH are important in the menstrual cycle and estradiol an important hormone involved in female reproductive health and function. Most pregnancy tests detect HCG in the urine.

Sperm are produced in the testes. They then travel into the epididymis where they mature and are stored. During the time of ejaculation, the sperm are expelled into the right and left vasa deferentia which join and form the urethra, through which they leave the body.

The urinary bladder is not a part of the female reproductive tract. Rather, it collects urine created by the kidneys. The ovary produces the female gametes. The fallopian tubes transport the eggs from the ovary to the uterus each month. The uterus provides a location and the necessary nutrients to the fertilized egg that develops into the fetus. The vagina receives the penis during sexual intercourse and expels menstrual flow from the uterus.

Oxytocin is the hormone responsible for stimulating uterine contractions during pregnancy. All other answer choices occur via stimulation by estrogen.

Testosterone has many functions in males. Others functions than those listed include: enlargement of genitalia, increased libido, decrease in subcutaneous fat in face, aggression, and increased oil production—which may cause acne. In females, testosterone primarily functions to increase sexual arousal.

There are three primary structures that contribute fluids to sperm in order to create semen in the body: the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral glands. The pituitary gland has an impact on the development and maturation of sperm, but does not directly add fluid to semen.

The male reproductive system has all of the functions indicated in the answer choices. 

Dysmenorrhea is a term used to describe painful cramps that are present during menstruation. In most cases, the cramps are cause by involuntary contractions of the uterus, which is a muscle. Amenorrhea describes the abnormal absence of a menstrual period. Mastodynia describes breast tenderness during menstruation. Menarche describes a female's first menstrual period.

Ejaculation is the act of ejecting sperm and semen from the male body. Fertilization and implantation are the first steps of pregnancy that occur inside the female body after sexual reproduction has begun. Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plant leaves.