Plant cells contain chloroplasts and are surrounded by a cell wall. Pectin is a carbohydrate found in the cell wall outside of the cell. The middle lamella is a structure composed of pectin and is used to hold adjacent cell walls together, similar to the action of a desmosome.

Chloroplasts are the only option that is located within the cytosol of the plant cell.

Both plant cells and fungal cells have cell walls; animal cells do not. Plant cells have chloroplasts, but neither fungal cells nor animal cells do. Fungal, plant and animal cells all have plasma membranes and mitochondria.

All of the options are true for animal cells except for the existence of plasmodesmata, which are found in plant cells. Plasmodesmata are small gaps in the cell walls. They are like gap junctions in animal cells, allowing for communication between cells and the exchange of minerals throughout the plant. 

Hypertonicity and hypotonicity are both relative terms. A hypertonic solution has more dissolved solutes than the cell that is submerged within it. In other words the solution has less water than the cell in the solution. A hypotonic solution is one that has less dissolved solutes (i.e. more water) than the cell or membrane within it. Water follows its concentration gradient: it flows to where it is least concentrated.

A plant's vacuole is a large membrane bound compartment within the cell that plays a structural role when it has the proper turgor pressure. It is also used as storage for various molecules. Salad generally becomes wilted in salad dressing—or other liquids with many dissolved solutes—because the water in the plant cells tends to flow outward or down its concentration gradient. Hence the salad leaves wilt because they are in a hypertonic solution. In other words, there are more dissolved solutes and non-water molecules outside the cells than there are inside. In terms of water, there is less water outside the cell than in it and so the water flows down its concentration gradient and out of the cell to equalize the gradient. This causes the vacuole to shrink, which reduces pressure on the cell wall and gives the wilted appearance.

The purpose of glycolysis is to generate pyruvate and NADH from glucose. The pyruvate will enter the citric acid cycle and the NADH will be used to donate a proton and electron to the electron transport chain, helping to generate the proton gradient for ATP synthesis. The first step of the citric acid cycle is the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen, and involves an enzyme that converts pyruvate from glycolysis to lactic acid via the transfer of two hydrogen atoms from NADH and H⁺. The NADH is oxidized to form NAD⁺, a required component to catalyze glycolysis.

During anaerobic respiration the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are not functional, leaving all cell metabolism reliant on glycolysis. Without NAD⁺, glycolysis would also become non-functional and cell metabolism would completely stop. Both alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation serve this purpose or replenishing glycolysis reactants, but occur in different organisms. Lactic acid fermentation is most common in animals while alcoholic fermentation occurs in unicellular organisms, such as yeast.

Cellular respiration is the metabolic process used to generate energy, in the form of ATP, that can power cellular functions. During cellular respiration, glucose is broken down and used to generate NADP and FADH₂. These molecules then donate electrons to the electron transport chain, power the proton gradient that is responsible for producing ATP through ATP synthase.

Glucose and oxygen are consumed during this process, while water and carbon dioxide are produced, along with ATP. Sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide are not involved in the processes of cellular respiration.

Glycolysis will split a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate. This process will result in a net gain of 2 molecules of both ATP and NADH. Lactate is not a product of glycolysis, and will only be made in the event that oxygen is not available and fermentation must be used to reduce pyruvate into lactate.

Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, and takes place in the cytosol. The citric acid cycle and electron transport chain are both located in the mitochondria.

In glycolysis, which takes place in the cytoplasm, 4 ATP are made and 2 ATP are spent. This means that there is a net gain of 2 ATP, which are produced via substrate level phosphorylation, which involves adding a phosphate to ADP to yield ATP.