Recombinant DNA are segments of DNA from one organism artifically manipulated or inserted into the DNA of another organism, using a technique known as gene splicing. This technique permits isolation and examination of properties and actions of specific genes.

DNA sequencing is the process of determining the chemical composition of a DNA molecule (in particular, the order in which the molecule's nucleic acids are arranged). DNA fingerprinting is the use of enzymes to cut DNA samples into a unique set of restriction fragments that can be used as a genetic identified for a single individual. DNA-DNA hybridization is a technique by which DNA from two species is separated into single strands and then allowed to re-form. DNA replication is the copying of the double-stranded DNA molecule, producing two identical DNA double helices.

The corrective step would be to use cDNA in the plasmid rather than DNA from the gene. cDNA (complementary DNA) is the DNA copy of the mature mRNA created by the reverse transcriptase enzyme. This would allow the introns to be spliced out from the sequence of the strand. This must be done since prokaryotes lack the equipment necessary for splicing. Simply inserting the DNA gene into the plasmid would result in a translated product with introns present. cDNA avoids this problem.

cDNA clones are incredibly powerful tools that can be used to express eukaryotic proteins in prokaryotic cells. One of the primary reasons that this is possible is because both eukaryotes and prokaryotes contain very similar systems of translating mRNA transcripts. Another reason is because the cDNA clone does not contain any of the information that would normally be spliced (introns). Prokaryotes do not make the same post-transcriptional modifications that eukaryotic cells do, and must have introns removed by external means in order to create viable protein products.

Endonucleases cut DNA at restriction sites. These restriction sites are palindromic, meaning that they read the same forward as they do backwards. 

The sequence 5'-CCTAGG-3' will have the complementary strand 3'-GGATCC-5'. Since this sequence is read the same forward as it is backwards, it is a palindromic sequence that can be potentially cleaved by an endonuclease.

5'-CCT|AGG-3'

3'-GGA|TCC-5'

The correct answer is bacteria. Both bacteria and archae utilize restriction enzymes as a defense mechanism to cut foreign intracellular DNA (specifically DNA of bacteriophage). Restriction enzymes are named based on the organism in which they were discovered - for example EcoRI is named after E.coli, and was the first restriction enzyme, found in the R strain.

The correct answer is five. Although you can only see three bands in your gel, a DNA fragment with four different restriction sites will be cut into five distinct pieces (if you're having trouble picturing this, drawing it out helps). In this case, some of the bands must be matching sizes, so they do not appear to be separate on your gel. For instance, there may be two 3kb bands, two 4kb bands, and one 5kb band.

DNA sequencing is used to determine the exact order of nucleotides that compose a given DNA molecule. This process can refer to any method that is used to determine the order of the nitrogenous bases in a strand of DNA.

DNA amplification is the duplication of regions of DNA to form multiple copies of a specific portion of the original region. DNA replication is the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule. Gene flow is the movement of alleles from one population to another, owing to migration of individual organisms. Genetic recombination is the generation of new combinations of alleles on homologous chromosomes due to the exchange of DNA during crossing over. 

Dideoxynucleotide triphosphates (ddNTPs) lack a 3' hydroxyl group, which is necessary for further polymerization past the ddNTP. In the absence of this 3' free hydroxyl group, ddNTPs cannot be linked to the next incoming nucleotide's 5' end. This halts DNA synthesis, and is the basis of Sanger (chain-termination) sequencing. Ordinary nucleotides do possess a 3' hydroxyl group, allowing them to polymerize further. Sanger sequencing takes advantage of this difference to terminate synthesis at various points.

The key to the chain termination method used in Sanger sequencing is the dideoxynucleotide. These modified bases, designated as ddNTP's rather than dNTP's, are missing their 3' hydroxyl group. This prevents further elongation of DNA strands being synthesized by a polymerase since DNA polymerases all require a 3' hydroxyl as their substrate. In the context of a whole sequencing reaction done before actual DNA sequencing, this creates strands of all possible lengths along your desired sequence.

The primers are absolutely essential for the functionality of a PCR reaction. The heat-resistant DNA polymerases need the RNA primers to anneal before they can begin replicating DNA. Without the primers, there is no way for the DNA polymerase to function and, therefore, no product will be obtained.

Primers are essential for any DNA replication process and are synthesized by primase during in vivo replication. For PCR, primers targeted to specific genes are artificially created and introduced to the sample. Only when the primers are bound will DNA polymerase be recruited to the replication site.