This question can be solved by making a punnett square. The genotypes are given: AaBb x aabb.

The potential gametes the AaBb dog can produce are AB, Ab, aB, and ab. The aabb dog can only produce one gamete: ab.

Putting these gametes in our punnett square we can see that we end up with the following potential offspring: AaBb, Aabb, aaBb, and aabb.

Each of these possible offspring carries a different phenotype. AaBb will carry both dominant traits and be black with long ears. Aabb will be yellow with long ears. aaBb will be black with short ears. Finally, aabb will be yellow with short ears. Each of these gametes is produced in the same ratio, making these phenotypes exist in a 1:1:1:1 probability.

Punnett squares give information about the potential genotype ratios of offspring possible from the cross of two members of the parental generation. The letters represent alleles of various genes, but do not give any information about the allele frequencies. To get information about the allele frequencies, more information about the size and make-up of the population would be needed. The actual cross is between potential gametes produced by the parental generation. Each square shows the potential offspring from these potential gametes.

The shortcut for this problem involves the standard phenotypic ratios for a dihybrid cross. Nine offspring will show both dominant traits. Three will show one dominant trait and the other recessive trait. Three will show the inverse phenotypes, with the opposite dominant trait and recessive trait combination. One offspring will show both recessive traits. Based on these ratios, we can see that three of the sixteen offspring will show the dominant smooth trait and the recessive green phenotype.

We can also solve by using a dihybrid punnett square. The cross described will be AaBb x AaBb, in which the A alleles signify color and the B alleles signify shape.

Consider the color of the peas. In order to have green peas, two recessive alleles must combine in the next generation. According to a punnett square where both sides are heterozygous for the trait, there is only a one in four chance of this taking place. Since smooth is the dominant shape for the peas, a punnett square where each side is heterozygous shows a three in four chance that pea plants will have this shape. By multiplying these two probabilities, we determine that three out of sixteen pea plants will have smooth, green peas.

The three main modes of genetic transfer for prokaryotes are transformation, transduction, and conjugation. Transformation occurs when a bacterium picks up a piece of genetic material from its external environment and incorporates it into its own genome. Transduction is genetic transfer using a bacteriophage as a vector. Conjugation is direct gene transfer via sex pili.

The IIR bacteria became deadly when exposed to the remains of the IIIS bacteria. This means that the IIR bacteria managed to receive genetic material from the environment and incorporate it into their genome. This is an example of transformation, a process that results in genetic recombination. In this case, the recombination made the formerly harmless bacteria deadly in mice.

Transduction is the process by which new genetic information is introduced to a bacterium via a vector, such as a bacteriophage. Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material between bacteria via a sex pilus. Binary fission is not a means of recombination; rather, the parent cell divides to produce two identical copies of itself.

Beginning the process of conjugation requires the trait encoded by the F (fertility) plasmid. Transformation is the uptake of naked DNA, transduction is the transfer of genetic material via a virus, and translocation is the movement of a ribosome during protein translation.

Conjugation is a type of genetic recombination that requires one bacterium to have the F-plasmid in order to create a sex pilus. This sex pilus will connect with another bacterium and allow DNA to pass between the bacteria.

Transduction is the transfer of genetic information to a bacterium via a vector, such as a bacteriophage. Transformation occurs when a bacterial cell receives genetic material from its surrounding environment. Binary fission does not involve recombination, and is the term for bacterial cell division that results in two identical offspring from a single parental cell.

Bacterial cells are capable of conjugation, a form of sexual reproduction. The process involves the formation of a bridge between bacterial cells that facilitates the movement of genetic material from one cell to the other. This bridge is called a sex pilus. A plasmid is a circular extrachromosomal DNA fragment. To initiate conjugation, a bacterium must possess a plasmid that enables formation of the sex pilus.

Bacterial cells can also exchange genetic material indirectly via viral vectors (certain bacteriophages) that carry bacterial genetic information from one cell to another; however, this does not occur in conjugation. It occurs in another form of sexual reproduction called transduction.

Conjugation is a form of sexual reproduction in bacterial cells. It involves formation of a bridge, called the sex pilus, between two bacterial cells. After sex pilus formation, the donor cell will pass genetic information to the recipient cell via the sex pilus. In order to initiate conjugation, a bacterial cell must contain the genes that code for the sex pilus, which are usually found on a specific plasmid. Recall that a plasmid contains the extrachromosomal DNA (found outside the bacterial cells’ chromosomes), whereas the nucleoid contains the chromosomal DNA. Sex pilus genes are always found on the plasmid, and can be passed from one cell to another during conjugation. This exchange increases the number of cells capable of forming the sex pilus, increasing the ability for bacterial cells to perform sexual reproduction and increase genetic variation.

The only similarity between conjugation and meiosis is that both processes are types of sexual reproduction. Remember that sexual reproduction is characterized by the presence of genetic recombination (the ability to exchange genetic material between two DNA molecules). The result of both processes are daughter cells that are genetically unique from the parent cells.

In meiosis, genetic recombination occurs during crossing over in prophase I. In conjugation, genetic recombination occurs when the DNA from the donor bacterial cell is incorporated into the recipient bacterial cell. Only meiosis produces four daughter cells; conjugation produces only two.