The United States uses a dual court system. The dual court system is broken into two parts: the state court system and the federal court system. The state court system is composed of trial courts of limited jurisdiction, trial courts of general jurisdiction, intermediate courts of appeals, and the appellate court of last resort.  The federal system is composed of district courts, circuit courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court of the United States. Appeals can lead cases from both from federal circuit courts of appeals and state appellate courts of last resort to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Discretion in the criminal justice system refers to an agent's ability to have the authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules but rather by using their own judgement. This permits individualization in the administration of justice. Prosecutors cannot use discretion in "imposing sentences" this is left to the discretion of judges or magistrates. 

The correct choice is "none of these." Police officers have four primary duties: keeping the peace, apprehending violators and combating crime, preventing crime, and providing social services. "Keeping the peace" involves the protection of rights of individuals in dangerous situations such as fights or domestic disputes. "Apprehending violators and combating crime" is most commonly associated with police work; however, it makes up the smallest portion of time in an officers career. "Preventing crime" or reducing the crime rate involves the education or the public about criminal threats and reducing the number of situations where criminal activity can occur.  Last, "providing social services" is a very important and often overlooked aspect of police work and it includes the following: returning stolen property, directing traffic, providing medical aid, as well as other social services. 

"Maximizing the number of police interventions and observations in the community" is the correct answer. This choice outlines the primary precept of  aggressive policing patrols. On the other hand, community policing attempts to involve neighborhood residents into policing procedures to make their own communities safer. it is based on the idea that citizens are concerned about crime in their local area and emphasizes cooperation between police and citizens in the identification of neighborhood needs and means necessary to meet them. 

This scenario is considered to be an "ambiguity delay." It is considered to be an ambiguity error because the person was delayed in their ability to acknowledge a criminal act. They thought that the two young men were "horsing around" later they saw them break into the house; thus, they were delayed by the ambiguous nature of the behavior of the young men. 

In the 1966 Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona, the Supreme Court made a decision that stated that as soon as an investigation begins to focus on a suspect, the so-called Miranda warnings must be read aloud before questioning can begin. The Miranda warnings are composed of the following four components: they have the right to remain silent;if they decide to make a statement, it can and will be used against them in court; they have the right to have an attorney present during interrogation or to have an opportunity to consult with an attorney; and if they cannot afford an attorney, the state will provide one. The choice that stated "if they cannot afford an attorney, the state will not provide one" is not a part of the Miranda warning.