The trochlear nerve (cranial nerve IV) has a motor function involving eye movement. The oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III) also has a motor function involving eye movement and contraction of the iris. The abducens nerve (cranial nerve VI) has a sensory function involving eye movement. The hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) has a motor function involving movement of the tongue.

Delirium is an acute disorder characterized by attention, perception, and memory impairment. It is often the symptom of an underlying condition such as dementia, medication overdose, substance intoxication, and electrolyte disorders.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which an individual has an insensitivity to or a deficiency of vasopressin (ADH). This is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary that is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the kidney. There are three types of diabetes insipidus: neurogenic DI, nephrogenic DI, and dipsogenic DI. Neurogenic DI is characterized by damage to the posterior pituitary, which results in a deficiency of vasopressin. Nephrogenic DI is characterized by the kidneys inadequately responding to vasopressin. Dipsogenic DI is characterized by the oral ingestion of excessive amount of water, which results in a suppression of vasopressin release and ultimately leads to polyuria. Diabetes mellitus type 1 results from insufficient insulin production by pancreatic beta-cells.

Metabolic acidosis is one of the four main acid-base disorders. The disorder is characterized by a bloodstream pH < 7.35 and a [HCO₃^-] < 22 mEq/L. The decrease in bicarbonate ion can be due to an endocrine, gastrointestinal, or renal disorder, as well as a nutritional deficiency.

The four main acid-base disorders are: respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Renal tubular acidosis can lead to metabolic acidosis, but it is not one of the primary classifications of acid-base disorders.

Basophils and Mast cells both stimulate an inflammatory response via the release of histamine and attract IgE antibodies to their surface. The major difference between basophils and Mast cells is that basophils survive only a few days circulating in the blood, while Mast cells can survive for weeks while located in bodily tissues. Neutrophils are phagocytic cells that do release cytokines and other granules, but do not release histamine or attract IgE to their surface.

Diabetes insipidus is a condition in which an individual has an insensitivity to or a deficiency of vasopressin (ADH). This is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary that is responsible for increasing water reabsorption in the kidney. There are three types of diabetes insipidus: neurogenic DI, nephrogenic DI, and dipsogenic DI. Neurogenic DI is characterized by damage to the posterior pituitary, which results in a deficiency of vasopressin. Nephrogenic DI is characterized by the kidneys inadequately responding to vasopressin. Dipsogenic DI is characterized by the oral ingestion of excessive amount of water, which results in a suppression of vasopressin release and ultimately leads to polyuria. Diabetes mellitus type 1 results from insufficient insulin production by pancreatic beta-cells.