Agrarian societies came as a result of the development of agriculture. People abandoned nomadic tendencies and settled down to form cities of family units. It allowed people to grow their own food, and no longer be forced to hunt constantly. You could have solved this problem, even if you were not specifically aware of the answer, through logic: agrarian practices require cultivation and maintenance of land over a growing season, nomadic lifestyles fundamentally rule that process out.

The Neolithic agricultural revolution did entail political changes in human society, but the nation-state concept did not arise for another  years. 

Whereas prior human generations lived nomadic lifestyles, agriculture requires permanent settlements. The burgeoning human population, the result of a food surplus, settled into towns and villages where a segment of the population did not cultivate plants or animals but rather worked as artisans in a process of economic specialization.

The main difference between the paleolithic and neolithic periods, originating in Mesopotamia but quickly spreading to Egypt and beyond was the domestication of wheat, barley, sheep, goats, and dogs. Not only did this lead to a food surplus in many communities, but it required settled societies rather than migrating bands of humans.

Both agriculture, and animal husbandry, mark the difference between the paleolithic and neolithic.

The advent of writing marks the difference between history and prehistory, not the paleolithic and neolithic.

Horses and oxen are larger, more powerful animals and were not domesticated until later.

Large carnivores, such as lions, are not easily domesticated; they're expensive, requiring huge amounts of meat per day, and remain highly dangerous to their owners even years after being domesticated, and even if they've been born in captivity.

The Paleolithic Era refers to the history of humanity before the Agricultural Revolution. Humans in Paleolithic societies used stone and wood tools, manipulated fire, and spoke to one another in rudimentary languages. The domestication of animals, however, did not take place until the Neolithic (Agricultural) Revolution.

The Neolithic Revolution is another name for the Agricultural Revolution. The Neolithic Revolution is perhaps the greatest and most important shift in human history. It led to the development and growth of agriculture, the establishment of permanent settlements, and the emergence of cities. It took place approximately 10,000 years ago.

The Neolithic Revolution is another name for the Agricultural Revolution - when humans first established permanent agricultural settlements. It led to a surplus of food, which in turn allowed some individuals to pursue artistic or cultural work. It also led to the development of cities and of an organized writing system. Finally, it led to the emergence of political and social hierarchies as some people accumulated wealth and power.

The domestication of the ox, in many parts of the world, was a significant development. The strength of oxen allowed farmers to work the fields more effectively and provided a massive boost to the productive capabilities of society. In India and southeast Asia, the water buffalo was domesticated for the same purposes.

There are a few staple crops that have been especially vital to the growth of the human population - wheat, barley, rice, potatoes, maize, yams, bananas, beans. Each of these crops first originated in a particular part of the world and then, through human influence, spread around the world. Wheat and barley were first grown in the Middle East during and after the Neolithic Revolution.

Camels were first domesticated in Arabia approximately four thousand years ago. The domestication of camels has been vital to the development of the Middle East. Camels are particularly useful for carrying cargo over long distances due to their ability to survive in the desert. Camel caravans have been an important part of Middle Eastern Empires since the Persians.

Fire improved the diet of early humans. It allowed humans to cook meat as opposed to eating it raw, which killed dangerous bacteria that would have otherwise been present in the food. Fire also allowed humans to cook dry meat to preserve, creating a surplus of food that did not previously exist. Humans could also use fire to clear fields and improve fertility of land, allowing them to harvest more crops.