Biological perspective explains behavior by looking at genetics, structures, and biological processes. In this case, Karen's biological processes (heart beat, breathing) are examined in order to explain the behavior that results from them. A psychoanalytic perspective would, in all likelihood, look for underlying reasons, possibly from the past, that would explain Karen's manifestation of these emotions in a physical manner.

Due to structuralism's heavy reliance of introspection it was not able to make truly objective insight. Introspection relies too much on interpretation and is not uniformed for anyone, and is thus highly subjective, which makes it difficult to consolidate data and draw conclusions. Structuralism was proposed in part by Wilhelm Wundt, a male psychologist, and indeed had early support.

Humanistic psychology follows a conscious experience and focuses the individual potential of each person. It strongly focuses on free will, does not rely on experimentation and emphasizes psychological growth.

The three forces of psychology are behaviorism, humanism, and psychoanalysis which are the schools of thought that are still in use today. Functionalism and structuralism are not widely used today and physiology is a separate field from psychology. Behaviorism focuses on individual behaviors, humanism emphasizes the importance of the human experience, and psychoanalysis is a set of theories developed largely by Sigmund Freud that is stemmed from clinical research. 

Both functionalism and structuralism focused on conscious experience while psychoanalysis focused on the unconscious. It did not focus on introspection, used scientific principles and Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, was not African American.

The functionalism school of thought is influenced by natural selection which was described by Charles Darwin in his work "On the Origin of Species." Williams incorporated aspects of survival in his idea of biological and intellectual fitness. The other scientists did not directly influence the theories of William James.

Structuralism was founded in 1892. Functionalism was founded in the nineteenth century. Humanistic psychology came about in the mid twentieth century. Transcendentalism was introduced by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's, but it is not a major psychological school of thought, rather, it is a philosophical movement.

During each of these stages, lasting from months to years, Freud theorized the id sought pleasure from a distinct set of bodily sensations and accompanying psychosexual schemas.

In psychoanalytic theory, the superego is the seat of objective internalized ideals and judgments, which provides a reference for comparison to actualized words and deeds in the exterior conscious self. People who follow the superego too closely may develop fixations or neuroses when the world (and they themselves) fail to live up to their extreme expectations.

Displacement occurs when an individual redirects socially or personally unacceptable behaviors and thoughts by shifting those behaviors and thoughts onto a more acceptable target. The redirection of energy may be to a less threatening target or merely to a more socially acceptable one.