Stimulus generalization occurs when a conditioned response extends to other, similar stimuli. In this case, the most similar stimuli is "a white stuffed animal," which may appear to be like the white dog. The other answers do not share similarities to the puppy paired with the unpleasant stimulus.

This is an example of systematic desensitization. In systematic desensitization, the patient is exposed a little bit at a time to their fears. While remaining calm, patients are repetitively exposed to a fearful stimuli, each stimulus gradually increasing in severity, until they have overcome their fear.

In this question, Heather is afraid of heights. Gradually, she is exposed to higher heights until she is no longer afraid.

The correct answer is "baby Megan's giggling at her favorite toy." In this scenario the components of classical conditioning include the following:

• UCS (unconditioned stimulus) – This is what causes the unconditioned response. Ex: Megan's favorite toy 
• UCR (unconditioned response) – this is the automatic response with no conditioning. Ex: Megan's giggling at her favorite toy
• CS (conditioned stimulus) –This is what is conditioned to illicit a response Ex: Patty
• CR (conditioned response) –This is the same as the UCR, but now it is caused by the CS Ex: Megan giggles at Patty

"Ivan Pavlov" was a Russian physiologist who is primarily known for his research on classical conditioning with dogs. Pavlov was looking at salivation in dogs in response to being fed, when he noticed that his dogs would begin to salivate whenever he entered the room, even if he was not bringing food to them.As a result, he posited that his presence functioned as an unconditioned stimulus, which lead to the dogs' salivation as an unconditioned response.

"Generalization" occurs when an individual exhibits a conditioned response in reaction to a stimulus that is similar—but not identical—to the conditioned stimulus. Ted learned to associate his mother’s silver chili pot with the delicious chili itself, so now he salivates in response to the pot alone; however, if he extends this response to all silver pots, then he is exhibiting generalization.

We can see that Ted is being "classically conditioned" to salivate at the sight of the silver pot. This is because a neutral stimulus (i.e. the silver pot) is being repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (i.e. the delicious chili), which by itself naturally produces an unconditioned response (i.e. salivation). Now, the sight of the pot (now a conditioned stimulus) produces the same response (now a conditioned response).

In this operant conditioning situation, the "silver pot" acts as this conditioned stimulus. This is because it originally did not produce a response—most people do not naturally salivate at the sight of this particular pot, like Ted does. This means that it was initially a neutral stimulus. Over time, its pairing with an unconditioned stimulus (i.e. the chili) causes it to produce the same unconditioned response (i.e. salivation).

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned response (UR) is an unlearned response that occurs naturally to a given stimulus. In the experiment, the dogs salivated as the UR, that is, they salivated naturally to the presence of the stimulus. When presented with food, a feeling of "hunger" would be considered an unconditioned response.

The unconditioned stimulus is the test and the unconditioned response is nervousness during the test. The test naturally and automatically elicits nervousness, making the test a stimulus and nervousness a response.

The conditioned stimulus is the song and the conditioned response is nervousness when hearing the song. The pairing of the test and song together had to be learned/conditioned for the song to elicit that reaction.