Edward Tolman was the first psychologist to study latent learning (information lies dormant or is not immediately expressed upon learning) in animals. He also founded what is now known as purposive behaviorism. The other choices are incorrect. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher who coined dualism as a psychological term. Ivan Pavlov was a behaviorist who discovered classical conditioning. Last, B.F. Skinner was a behaviorist who discovered operant conditioning.

Franz Josef Gall created the study of cranioscopy, which later became known as phrenology. In the study of phrenology, the features of the skull and face are "read" and interpreted to determine brain function. Although phrenology is known considered a pseudoscience, Gall laid the groundwork for the concept of localization of function as well as the study of neuropsychology. The other choices are incorrect. Rene Descartes was a French philosopher who coined dualism as a psychological term. Franz Mesmer coined the phrase animal magnetism, which led to mesmerism or theories on hypnosis. Last, Wilhelm Wundt was the first experimental psychologist whose work led to the study of cognitive psychology.

Carl Rogers, among many other contributions to psychology including his nineteen propositions, developed a "person-centered approach" to psychotherapy that changed the stigma that surrounds  being a patient of mental health. The other choices are incorrect. Abraham Maslow was a humanist who created Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who created the life-stage virtue and coined the term “identity crisis”. Last, Mary Ainsworth created the strange situation design to study attachment in young children. 

Abraham Maslow is most well known for creating "Maslow's hierarchy of needs" but also wrote extensively about the self-actualized person, including a list of 17 qualities of the self-actualizing individual. The other choices are incorrect. Carl Rogers designed the person-centered strategy to psychotherapy. Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who created the life-stage virtue and coined the term “identity crisis”. Last, Albert Ellis developed Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy or REBT and is considered the most influential psychologist second only to Freud. 

Erik Erikson, a psychoanalyst and developmental psychologist, developed the "Erikson life-stage virtue" with his wife Joan. In his theory of psychosocial development, we first build hope (age 0-2), then will (1-3), purpose (3-6), competence (6-11 or primary school age), fidelity (12-18 or secondary school age), love (18-25 or adulthood), care (26-64 or adulthood), wisdom (65+) and the ninth stage developed by his wife in her 90s which theorizes that as we grow old, we go through each stage again concurrently. The other choices are incorrect. Abraham Maslow was a humanist who created Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Sigmund Freud was the father of psychoanalysis; he wrote extensively and fathered several theories such as his psychosexual development theory, the id, ego and superego, and theories of the unconscious. Last, Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development; he is considered to be the most influential developmental psychologist.

A colleague of Freud, Alfred Adler left the school of psychoanalysis and emigrated to America. His individual psychology does not focus on the patient as an individual, as the name suggests, but views the patient as an indivisible whole, including their relationships and their environment which were previously ignored in psychoanalysis. The other choices are incorrect. Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development; he is considered to be the most influential developmental psychologist. Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test, consisting of 30 tasks. Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and coined several phrases such as archetype, collective unconscious, and introversion and extroversion. Last, Josef Breuer was mentor to Sigmund Freud; he developed talking therapy with patient Anna O.

Jean Piaget's influence on the scientific world certainly did not stop at the bounds of psychology. An epistemologist by trade, he developed "Piaget's theory of cognitive development" which outlined the four stages of a child's information processing or thought. The other choices are incorrect. Sigmund Freud was the father of psychoanalysis; he wrote extensively and fathered several theories such as his psychosexual development theory, the id, ego and superego, and theories of the unconscious. Erik Erikson was a developmental psychologist who created the life-stage virtue and coined the term “identity crisis.” Last, Alfred Adler was an early psychologist who created the individual approach to psychoanalysis, positing that each patient should be viewed holistically. 

Mary Ainsworth is most well known for her development of the Strange Situation design which was designed to study emotional attachment in early stages of childhood, resulting in the attachment theory. The other choices are incorrect. Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development; he is considered to be the most influential developmental psychologist. Harry Harlow is best known for studying maternal separation, dependency, and social isolation using rhesus monkeys. Last, John Bowlby developed the attachment theory of maternal deprivation. 

Considered one of the most influential psychologists, second only to Freud, Albert Ellis developed REBT in 1955 in order to help clients resolve emotional and behavioral problems and move towards happier, healthier mental states. Ellis's work set the foundation for the development of other cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) and changed the practice of clinical psychology. The other choices are incorrect. Carl Jung founded analytical psychology and coined several phrases such as archetype, collective unconscious, and introversion and extroversion. Abraham Maslow was a humanist who created Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Last, Carl Rogers designed the person-centered strategy to psychotherapy. 

Martin Seligman developed the theory of learned helplessness. He is a positive psychologist who promotes mental well-being through the creation of self-help programs and lectures. The other choices were incorrect. Daniel Kahneman is an economic psychologist who researches judgment and decision making in behavioral economics. Albert Bandura is most well known for his Bobo doll experiment with young children; he developed the theory of social learning. Last, Philip Zimbardo is most well known for his Stanford prison experiment.