Inattentional blindness is failing to see objects when our attention is directed elsewhere. An example of this would be going through a red light while driving because your attention was focused on texting. 

Gestalt psychology emphasizes "the whole" because humans tend to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes. Gestalt therapy focuses on individual responsibility. Gradient is not a principle of Gestalt psychology, while all of the other answer choices convey how humans process information in wholes. 

Inattentional blindness occurs when someone is hyper-focused on one stimulus and unable to take in other information. Rick was so focused on where the ball was and he missed another player making a seemingly blatant foul. The blind spot is the point where the optic nerve exits the eye from the retina to the brain. Optical illusion is an umbrella term that can refer to many different principles of perceptual organization. The Phi Phenomenon is the illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession (much like a cartoon flip book). 

In this example Robin is making use of chunking, which improves short-term memory by grouping items together. For example, if Robin had to memorize a string of numbers (e.g. 91769512), then she could chunk together into four number strings reminiscent of years (e.g. "1976" and "1925"). A mnemonic device is a string of words or an acronym to help recall information. For example, ROYGBIV helps some people remember the colors of the rainbow. The peg-word system is another memory strategy that involves memorizing a list of words by associating the words with specific numbers that are "pegged" onto an imaginary board, such as "two" and "shoe." The primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember the first item on a list better than later items. Echoic memory is a form of sensory memory that can be retained for 3 to 4 seconds. Last, the primacy effect and echoic memory do not refer to memorization strategies. 

The myelin sheath coats the axon of a neuron and speeds up the transmission of messages. Myelin is a fatty coating that is unable to perpetuate the action potential signal. As a result, the signal jumps over the myelinated areas, bypassing much of the axon and speeding up transmission. This process is known as saltatory conduction.

The axon is the long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body. Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron that recieve electrical stimulation from synapses and convey them to the cell body. The soma is the cell body of the neuron that contains the cell nucleus

Myelin is a white, fatty compound that surrounds the axons of white matter neurons. Its purpose is to increase the speed of an action potential.

At rest, there is a high concentration of sodium (Na⁺) outside the neuron and a high concentration of potassium (K⁺) inside the neuron. During an action potential, the gated channels for sodium open and, because there is such a difference in concentration, the sodium rushes into the axon. This makes the axon much more positive in charge. This positivity propagates along the axon until it reaches the end of the axon, where it triggers release of neurotransmitters into the synapse.

The depolarization of the neural axon during an action potential is driven by an influx of sodium ions, entering through voltage-gated sodium channels. Following this stage, voltage-gated potassium channels are stimulated, allowing potassium ions to exit the axon and causing hyperpolarization. The sodium-potassium pump then restores the ions to their original positions in preparation for the next action potential, known as repolarization.

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that travel across synapses in the nervous system. Acetylcholine, dopamine, epinephrine, and GABA are all widely-studied neurotransmitters. Glucose, however, is a monosaccharide used for energy in the body. It serves no purpose as a neurotransmitter.

Glial cells are located in the nervous system, and serve as support and protection for the neurons. Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and ependymal cells are all examples of neuroglia.