The cones are responsible for high acuity, color vision, and are found primarily and in the highest concentrations within the fovea. This area of the retina is responsible for our sharpest vision, and is where the light from whatever object we are focusing on will fall. 

The cones are incapable of functioning in low light settings, and as such do not contribute to night vision. Rather, the rods operate in low light conditions as well as in regular light, though these are incapable of generating color information, and are less accurate in general than the cones. The rods are distributed in roughly uniform quantities across the retina. Cones however, are not found in high quantities towards the periphery of the retina.

The "cochlea" houses the receptor cells which transduce physical into electrical energy in the perception of sound. This component of the inner ear contains a fluid, which moves in response to incoming vibrations caused by sound. These movements are detected by hairlike receptor cells, which convert the energy into nerve impulses, which are transmitted to the auditory cortex of the brain.

The other choices are incorrect. The "auditory ossicles" are the name of the three bones of the middle ear, also a component of hearing, but not ones responsible for transduction.The "tympanic membrane" is another word for the eardrum, which also contributes to the sense of hearing, but is not responsible for transduction. Last, the "stapes" are one of the three auditory ossicles: the others are the malleus and incus.

The "semicircular canals" are found within the ear, and are responsible for balance, as well as the experience of motion sickness. Each semicircular canal is filled with a fluid and receptors. These receptors register movement in the fluid in response to changes in the body's orientation, which are then communicated to the brain and give rise to a sense of orientation and balance. These structures also contribute to the sense of motion sickness.

The "cochlea," "auditory ossicles," and "basilar membrane" are all found in the ear, but are responsible for the sense of audition, not for that of balance. They do not contribute to motion sickness.

Myopia, or nearsightedness, is a condition of the eye in which a person cannot "focus on distant objects." They are able to perceive near objects without difficulty, but objects at a distance will appear blurry and out of focus. This is in contrast to hyperopia, in which near objects appear blurry, and distant ones are clear.

Myopia has no impact on the perception of color. It is easily treated through corrective lenses or LASIK. 

Hyperopia, or farsightedness, is a condition of the eye in which a person cannot "focus on near objects." They are able to perceive distant objects without difficulty, but objects nearby will appear blurry and out of focus. This is in contrast to myopia, in which distant objects appear blurry, and near ones clear.

Hyperopia has no impact on the perception of color. It is easily treated through corrective lenses or LASIK. 

The iris is the colored center portion of the surface of the eye that controls the expansion and constriction of the pupil. This is done to allow more light into the eye in dim lighting conditions, and to restrict light from coming into the eye in bright lighting conditions. As a result, the iris controls the "diameter of the pupil," and how much light enters the eye.

The iris does not control the shape of the lens. This is performed by the ciliary muscles, which focus the lens by changing its shape. The sensitivity of the retina to light does not change aside from injury or damage. 

Transduction is an essential stage of perception. This is when energy is converted from one form into another: namely, from light, chemical, or physical energy from incoming stimuli into electrical energy within the nervous system. Without this key step, perception as we know it would be impossible. To name a few examples, this process occurs with in the retina of the eyes, within the cochlea of the inner ears, within the olfactory receptors of the nose, and within gustatory receptors within taste buds on the tongue.

Transduction does not involve the amplification of energies; furthermore, it does not involve screening or analysis of information for any specific purposes. This occurs at the level of the brain, not within receptor cells, where transduction occurs.

The pupil is the hole at the center of the iris which allows light to enter the eye and reach the photosensitive retina. The iris is a circular structure on the surface of the eye which controls the size of the pupil. When we discuss eye color, we are referring to the pigment of the iris. The iris and pupil can both expand and constrict. In order to protect the eyes from excessively bright light, in conditions of bright lighting, the iris will expand in size, causing the pupil to constrict, thus allowing less light to pass into the eyes. The opposite is true in dim lighting: the iris will constrict, causing the pupil to expand in size, and allow more light in.

Neither the iris nor the pupil  help to focus vision. Focusing is performed by the lens within the eye. This is done by correctly aligning light from an object with the retina, not to control the intensity of light entering the eye.

The lens is a crystalline structure within the eye. Like the lens in corrective glasses or contact lenses, the lens of the eye focuses light. In this case, it focuses light onto the photosensitive retina at the rear of the eye. The lens has an important role in vision because objects at different distances will reflect light at different angles. If we were unable to focus this variable light by means of the lens, then perceived images outside of a certain distance would appear unfocused and blurry. 

You can test this through a simple experiment. First, try to focus your gaze on an object less than a foot away from your head, then stare at something several feet away, and finally stare at something far away (e.g. out of your window). If the direction of your gaze has remained relatively constant, then part of the physical sensation you are feeling in your eyes is the lenses changing to focus the different images onto the retina.

On the other hand, the lens is not responsible for locating an image; muscular movements of the head and eyes control where and what they look at. Furthermore, the lens cannot not accommodate for the blind spot. Instead, binocular vision helps in filling in for missing visual details. Last, the lens does not control how much light enters the eye—that is the job of the pupil and iris. The lens merely controls the focusing of that light onto the retina.

"Congenital blindness" refers to blindness experienced from the time of birth onwards. This type of blindness has a variety of causes. For example, it may be inherited genetically or it may be the result of an infection during pregnancy/fetal development.

The other choices are incorrect. "Cortical blindness" refers to blindness caused by structural damage, alterations, or defects in the brain. This form of blindness may also be present from birth; however, it is often experienced later in life as the result of accident or injury and may only lead to partial blindness. "Color blindness," though genetic and present from birth, is only an insensitivity to certain colors and not a total blindness. Last, an "astigmatism" is a visual impairment caused by an imperfection in the eye's curvature, and does not result in blindness.