A public good is non-rival, which means that one person's consumption of the good does not affect another person's consumption of the same good.  Public goods are also non-excludable, which means that one person cannot prevent another from consuming the good. Among the choices here, the only answer that meets the criteria is the lighthouse, which is both non-rival and non-excludable.

Comparative advantage refers to the ability of a party to produce a particular good at a lower opportunity cost than another party. When trading, countries will always gain by trading the good in which they have comparative advantage in producing. Since the US is trading computers for cars from Germany, the US must have comparative advantage in computer production while Germany has comparative advantage in car production. 

Elasticity is a measurement used in economics to show the responsiveness of the quantity supplied of a good to a change in its price. Thus, a more elastic supply curve would cause a greater change in price as the quantity demanded increases.

The only factor that would cause a leftward shift of the supply curve of computers is the increase in wages for workers who manufacture computers. The other choices would result in a rightward shift of the supply curve. 

The difference between a consumer's willingness to pay and the actual market price of a product quantifies the consumer surplus associated with that product. It occurs when the consumer is willing to pay more for a product than its current market price. For example, if a consumer is willing to pay $3 for a cupcake, but its market price is $2, then the consumer surplus for him/her is $1. 

Monopolies often arise because of barriers to entry, which helps prevent firms from entering the market. Barriers to entry can enable one firm to dominate the market without the threat of competition from other firms. 

Average total cost is the sum of the average fixed cost and average variable cost of producing a good. For the fifth good, the average fixed cost would be $40 while the average variable cost would be $120, which gives you a sum of $160.

The firm will continue to produce until marginal cost equals marginal revenue. In this case, the market price of the good is the firm's marginal revenue, since that is the amount it receives for selling each good. Thus, the firm will continue to produce the good as long as its marginal cost is lower than $125.

Price elasticity of demand is the measure of the responsiveness of the quantity demanded of a good to the change in its price. Elasticity is calculated by the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price. In this case, the price elasticity demand of movie tickets is 2 (20% change in quantity demanded divided by 10% change in price). If a good's elasticity is greater than 1, it is considered elastic.

From the information provided, we know that the total fixed cost of production is $200. The average fixed cost can be calculated by dividing the total fixed cost of production by the number of goods produced. In the case of 10 goods produced, the average fixed cost would be $200 (Total fixed cost) divided by 10 (Number of goods produced), which is $20.