The genetic information in a cell is stored in its DNA. Through transcription, the cell is able to create RNA from DNA. This RNA is called mRNA. The mRNA is then able to create protein through translation. Thus, the flow of information is from DNA to RNA to protein. 

Telomeres and centromeres are composed of heterochromatin. In contrast to euchromatin, heterochromatin's genes are generally in an inactive state. This is because the genetic material is highly condensed. Often, heterochromatin is thought of as "junk DNA". Since telomeres are slowly being degraded during DNA replication, the cell does not want to have active or important genes in this area. Same goes for centromeres, where there is the possibility of chromatids not separating evenly across the centromere in anaphase. 

Simply create a complementary strand of RNA with matching base pairs, but substitute uracil (U) for thymine (T), since RNA does not use thymine base pairs.

The answer choice starting with AUG might seem appropriate since it is the start codon, however, realize that the rest of the base pairs do not match up to the DNA template. Further, RNA templates do not begin right at the start codon; there are promotoer and enhancer regions of DNA that are transcribed well before the first exon is transcribed with its AUG start codon.

Histones are associated with DNA packed in chromatin. Acetylation of these histones allows for DNA transcription. Other proteins mentioned play no part in DNA chromatin structure.

Polymerases are active during DNA repair and transcription. Collagen is a fibrous protein associated with the extracellular matrix. Actin and myosin are myofilaments active in muscle contraction.

Transcription requires a DNA sequence that signals the RNA polymerase where to begin transcribing a given gene. The promoter is the DNA sequence that allows the RNA polymerase to bind to the right spot on the DNA and begin transcription. This prevents transcription of partial proteins or protein fragments that would be non-functional and possibly harmful to the cell.

Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. In eukaryotic cells, chromosomal DNA is contained within the nucleus. Transcription requires access to this DNA, and therefore must occur in the nucleus. Resulting RNA molecules are then shuttled out of the nucleus to be used in other processes.

The DNA gets transcribed into RNA inside the nucleus. This is where DNA is housed; DNA never leaves the nucleus (except during mitosis, during which the nuclear envelope will briefly disappear so that two cells can be formed). After DNA gets transcribed into RNA, the RNA is modified and eventually transported out of the nucleus as mRNA, which is now ready for translation.

Translation occurs on ribosomes, which can either be bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum or free-floating in the cytoplasm. The nucleolus is a structure within the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is produced and ribosomal subunits are assembled. Mitochondria are essential for cellular respiration and ATP synthesis. Lysosomes are responsible for digesting wastes and defective proteins.

When RNA polymerase binds to a template strand of DNA, it recruits complementary ribonucleotides to form a strand of RNA. This strand of RNA, however, is incomplete and must undergo post-transcriptional modification to become a mature mRNA product. The initial RNA transcript is known as heteronuclear RNA, or htRNA.

Introns are removed for the htRNA and a 5'cap and poly-A tail are added to convert it to mRNA.

Following DNA transcription, the resulting RNA molecule must be modified before leaving the nucleus. Proteins in the nucleus add a 5' cap to the 5' end of the RNA strand, and a poly-A tail to the 3' end. These additions help prevent degradation of the transcript by any hydrolytic enzymes in the cytosol. Protein complexes called spliceosomes interact with the transcript to remove segments of non-coding RNA called introns. The remaining transcript following the excision of introns is composed only of coding segments of RNA, known as exons.

Though introns are removed during post-transcriptional modification, exons are not inserted. Rather, they are simply the remaining RNA sequences after the introns have been spliced out.

RNA polymerase binds and transcribes the “non-coding strand." It acts as a template that is used to generate a RNA transcript that is complementary to the DNA strand that was transcribed. The term “coding strand” refers to the DNA strand with the identical sequence to the newly synthesized RNA. The coding strand can also be called the “non-template strand” or the “sense strand.”