Ribosomes are organelles composed of two subunits of ribosomal RNA and proteins. There are two types: free ribosomes, which are found in the cytosol of the cell, and bound ribosomes, which are bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Their primary purpose is to synthesize proteins. Messenger RNA will bring amino acids to the ribosomes, where proteins are then synthesized. The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle that is composed of bounded tubules and sacs and is continuous with the nuclear envelope. It is composed of two parts: the smooth endoplasmic reticulum and the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, stores calcium, and detoxifies the cell of drugs and poisons. The rough endoplasmic reticulum, studded with ribosomes, aids in protein synthesis. The mitochondrion is bound by a double membrane; the inner membrane has many infoldings called cristae. This increases the surface area of the organelle and therefore increases productivity. Known as the “powerhouse of the cell,” the mitochondrion creates ATP for the cell through a process known as cellular respiration. Peroxisomes are specialized metabolic organelles bound by a single membrane. They contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is then converted to water. The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened membranous sacs. Its purpose is to modify proteins, carbohydrates, and phospholipids. Polysaccharides are also synthesized here. Besides synthesis and modification of these macromolecules, the Golgi apparatus also sorts products and sends them to other parts of the cell through vesicles. 

Organelles, for the most part, are too small to be clearly defined by a simple light microscope. Although, larger organelles may be seen with a light microscope, they cannot be well-studied using them. An electron microscope can achieve remarkable magnification and resolution. Some electron microscopes can even resolve individual molecules or atoms. Also note that an egg (chicken, human, ostrich etc.) is a single cell. We can study the nucleus (yolk) with the naked eye, but this is a special case, and the question does not provide us any information that would make this a reasonable assumption.

Pinocytosis is the uptake of extracellular fluids. The cell accomplishes this by creating vesicles from the cell membrane around droplets of extracellular fluid and carrying them inside the cell. This process is unspecific in which substances it carries into the cell (not receptor-mediated). Exocytosis involves the same concept, but in the other direction (from inside the cell out). Simple diffusion does not involve the creation of vesicles, rather it involves substances freely diffusing through the plasma membrane from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration without the net input of energy.    

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts convert energy to work in eukaryotes. Mitochondria are the sites for the catabolic process that creates ATP in animals. In plants, chloroplasts are the sites of photosynthesis where solar energy is converted to chemical energy.  

Cristae are found in mitochondria. Mitochondria are enclosed by an envelope of two membranes. The inner membrane is convoluted with infoldings called cristae. This is an adaption that increases the surface area of the inner membrane of the mitochondria so that ATP synthesis can be maximized. The chloroplast equivalent of cristea are the thylakoid membranes. The stroma is the matrix equivalent of the chloroplast. The plasma membrane is not nearly as convoluted as the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The chromosomes are the threadlike structures that contain genetic information.  Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in protein synthesis.  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis.  The Golgi apparatus is involved in modification and delivering of proteins within the cell and for secretion outside the cell.

The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments in eukaryotic cells that helps the cell to maintain its shape.  Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis.  DNA is the genetic code molecules in the nucleus.  RNA is involved in protein synthesis.

In active transport, the cell uses energy (ATP) through the protein pumps to move molecules across the membrane.  This process does not involve osmosis, which is a form of passive transport.

Circular DNA is found in all of listed answer choices. Viruses contain short, linear or circular genomes (either RNA or DNA). Recall that mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, which is evidence supporting the endosymbiotic theory of evolution in which these organelles were once independent prokaryotic organisms. A plasmid itself is a circular piece of DNA.

In eukarytoic cells, the nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis