The spliceosome is a complex structure composed of small nuclear RNA molecules (snRNAs) and other proteins. They are often located in the nucleus. The spliceosome splices introns from the primary RNA transcript. This process occurs through splicing at 5’ and 3’ sites that are identified by particular nucleotide sequences. Prokaryotic cells do not contain spliceosomes. 

Alternative splicing is the process where many different proteins can be formed from a primary transcript. This can be done in a number of ways, including using different splice sites, maintaining introns, and splicing out exons. Alternative splicing is an important process because it increases cellular efficiency; if many proteins can result from the same primary transcript, then the genome doesn’t need to code for as many unique transcripts.

Translation is the process of converting an mRNA codon sequence into protein via the ribosome, so that is the correct answer. Apoptosis is programmed cell death. Transcription is close, but it is the process of making RNA from DNA. Glycolysis is the process of creating two pyruvate molecules from glucose, and produces two ATP.

mRNA is the template used during translation. The mRNA strand is read and "translated" into a polypeptide by tRNA.

DNA would be the template for transcription, not for translation.

Every codon is composed of three RNA nucleobases, and codes for a specific amino acid; however, there can be multiple codons that code for one amino acid. The start codon, AUG, signals the beginning of translation and codes for methionine.

While there is only one start codon (AUG), but there are three different stop codons (UGA, UAG, and UAA) that can each signal for the end of translation, or termination. During the translation process, tRNA is used to bring amino acids (corresponding to the codons in the mRNA sequence) to the ribosome, which become attached via peptide bonds to form a polypeptide.

The genetic code is degenerative, meaning that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid. It is also unambiguous: a particular codon will always code for one amino acid. That being said, it would be wrong to assume that an amino acid will only have one codon, as an amino acid can have multiple different codons that code for it.

In translation, the mRNA is positioned in the ribosome and read in the 5'-to-3' direction. Initiation of translation is triggered by a tRNA attached to a methionine entering the P site of the ribosome. The mRNA will then be read, and additional amino acids will be added to the chain, which grows in the P site. New tRNA enters the A site and old tRNA exits the E site, but the amino acid chain is always anchored to the tRNA in the P site.

Stop codons are a signal for the ribosome to recruit a release factor. Release factors are proteins that dissociate the translation complex and release the polypeptide chain.

There are no tRNAs that match stop codons and there is no "special" terminal amino acid. Chaperones are involved in folding proteins, but they are not involved in the termination of translation.

Translation, the process of synthesizing a polypeptide from an mRNA template, primarily occurs in the cytoplasm. Another possible answer would be the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Both the rough endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm contain ribosomes, which are essential for translation.

The mitochondria are essential for cellular respiration, and are the site of the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain. The nucleus houses DNA and synthesizes ribosomes (in the nucleolus). The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins in vesicles after translation is complete.