In the presynaptic terminal, the action potential causes an influx of calcium. Rising calcium levels stimulates exocytosis of neurotransmitters, which bind to post-synaptic receptors. Unused neurotransmitters are recycled by the pre-synaptic cell or degraded in the synaptic cleft.

Signal transmission from presynaptic terminal to postsynaptic terminal occurs when neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic terminal. Once the neurotransmitter binds to the receptors on the postsynaptic neuron's cell membrane, the postsynaptic cell can be induced (excited) to fire another action potential, or inhibited based on the type of neurotransmitter and/or receptor that is bound.

Cartilage, rather than bone, forms the fetal skeleton and is softer and more flexible than bone. Unlike cartilage, bone has both vascular and nervous networks running through it.

Osteoblasts contribute to the ossification process by working to build bone. They cannot do so as individual cells, but rather need to be arranged into osteons in the bone to function. Osteoblasts are regulated by a number of factors depending on the body's need for bone creation or resorption, including being inhibited by PTH.

Tissues are groups of cells that can be grouped together and classified by their form and function. There are four major types of tissues: connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous.

Connective tissue includes loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, reticular connective tissue, adipose (fat) tissue, cartilage, bone, lymph, and blood. Connective tissue can be identified as a loose arrangement of cells within an abundant extracellular matrix. The types of cells and composition of the matrix define the type of connective tissue. For example, the protein elastin is abundant in elastic connective tissue, while the protein collagen is abundant in cartilage and loose connective tissue. In blood, the matrix is composed of plasma. In bone, the matrix is composed of hydroxyapatite crystal.

Nervous tissue includes all types of neurons and neuroglia. These cells are specialized to transmit electrical signals and protect the transmission of these signals. Skin is composed of several layers of epithelium. Epithelial tissue is designed to form barriers between the body and the outside environment.

Blood, bone, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage are all types of connective tissue. Bone and cartilage provide the framework for the body, as well as protect the internal organs of the body. Blood is responsible for transportation of oxygen and other nutrients throughout the body. Tendons transfer the force created by muscle tissue to the bones, allowing for movement.

Connective tissue is not responsible for communicating pain to the brain, as the sensation of pain is created by signals from the nervous system. The four types of tissue are connective, epithelial, muscular, and neural.

Connective tissue binds, supports, and fills spaces in the body. It consists of cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix. The make-up of this matrix is essential to defining the properties of the given connective tissue type. The extracellular matrix of blood is aqueous and filled with platelets and protein factors, while the matrix of bone is composed of hydroxyapatite crystal.

The connective tissue is found throughout the body in between other tissues and cell types. Connective tissue functions to both connect and separate the different tissue types.

Connective tissue has three main components: fibers, ground substance, and cells (fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and leukocytes). Typically, connective tissue contains a relatively low proportion of cells, and a very high proportion of ground substance and fibrous proteins, such as collagen. Blood and lymph is sometimes considered a component of connective tissue as well.

Cells are also a critical component of connective tissue and are typically suspended in the ground substance. Cells that are a part of connective tissue include fibroblasts (cells that produce fibers), mast cells (involved in histamine-mediated inflammatory response), and adipocytes (fat cells). Staining methods can show these cell types within the connective tissue. Other connective tissue cells include osteocytes (bone cells), and chondrocytes (cartilage cells).