Endocytosis is the process by which the cell takes in macromolecules by creating new vesicles from the cell's plasma membrane. Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis are all different types of endocytosis.  

In facilitated diffusion, molecules, such as glucose move through protein channels from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.  It is not active transport, using energy. Movement of molecules through the cell membrane without use of a protein is known as simple diffusion; osmosis is a type of simple diffusion.

Endocytosis occurs when the cell engulfs an external substance and takes it into the cell by the infolding of the cell membrane.  Exocytosis occurs when the cell secretes a substance outside the cell.

The glycolipids on the outside of the cell are made of proteins and carbohydrates.  Proteins result from translation from DNA to RNA, and they are modified in the Golgi apparatus to form glycoproteins.  "Glyco" refers to sugars, which are carbohydrates.  Lipids are fat molecules that are not often used in cell signaling, but rather as stored energy sources.

In exocytosis the membrane of a vacuole surrounding some material fuses with the cell membrane, forcing the contents out of the cell wall.  The substance is secreted out of the cell.  The process by which foreign matter is engulfed by immune cells is phagocytosis. Water and salts are stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum in certain cell types (muscle) but this is not exocytosis, which involves the removal/expulsion of substances from the cell into the extracellular environment.

In order for a material to be transported across the cell membrane, against its concentration gradient, energy is required. For example, the sodium-potassium pump hydrolyzes one molecule of ATP to pump 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell. Since the potassium levels are much higher inside the cell than outside, energy is required. This is known as active transport.

In eukaryotes, sterol molecules are used to strengthen the plasma membrane. These molecules are able to pack very close together forming tight strucutres. 

In lipid bilayers, lipids molecules readily drift around laterally, they rarely flip across the membrane. Recall that the lipid bilayer can be depicted via the fluid mosaic model, as phospholipids and integral proteins are free to move laterally throughout the membrane. A flip (phospholipid from the inner leaflet to outer leaflet, or vice-versa) is thermodynamically unfavorable and does not occur as often as lateral movements. 

Chaperons are proteins that help other proteins fold properly. There are found in the interior of the cell, usually associated with ribosomes and not the cell membrane. All other functions listed are carried out by membrane proteins.

Plasma membranes are selectively permeable. Small non polar molecules like molecular oxygen and hydrocarbons can pass through the membrane while larger charged molecules like glucose cannot, unless their transport is facilitated by a membrane protein.