A gunstock deformity (cubitus varus) refers to a deformity at the elbow joint, where the distal forearm is deviated medially (compared to typical anatomical alignment). Conversely, if a patient's distal forearm is deviated excessively laterally, she is said to demonstrate cubitus valgus. Cubitus varus is most commonly caused by supracondylar fractures of the humerus. Fortunately, this deformity is largely cosmetic in nature, and causes few functional limitations. 

A Monteggia fracture refers to a fracture of the shaft of the ulna, and a concurrent dislocation of the head of the radius. Accordingly, this type of fracture-dislocation injury also affects the humeroradial joint (part of the elbow complex). This type of injury is often caused by falling on an outstretched arm, which could affect the glenohumeral and acromioclavicular joints as well.

A gamekeeper's fracture refers to an avulsion injury at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb, secondary to a rupture of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb. Mallet finger refers to a rupture of one of the extensor digitorum tendons, at the distal interphalangeal joints. A boxer's fracture is a fracture of one of the metacarpals. A Pott's fracture is a type of ankle fracture involving the medial and lateral malleoli.

A Hill-Sachs lesion occurs after the head of the humerus abuts that glenoid rim of the scapula, injuring the articular cartilage, when the humerus is dislocated anteriorly. If the humerus is dislocated posteriorly, it can result in a reverse Hill-Sachs lesion. SLAP and Bankhart lesions are injuries of the glenoid labrum and thus, are not viable answers to this question.

Osteophytes (bone spurs) are bony projections that form at joints. Osteophytes occur when there are changes to bone formation via aging, mechanical instability, degeneration, and disease, including arthritis (which is the most common cause of osteophyte formation). Osteophytes form naturally on the spine via degeneration of the vertebrae with aging. Osteophytes do not cause pain, but may impinge on nerves which will lead to pain, and/or numbness and tingling sensations. Chondrocytes are cartilage cells.

Enthesophytes are bony projections that form at ligament or tendon attachments. 

Osteoporosis is a breakdown of bone, commonly due to a lack of calcium, which is typically lost faster in females due to a menstruation cycle, and chronic breakdown with age. Also, females have less bone density to begin with.

Osteo- (which is going to be a Latin based root word for bone) will help you eliminate the other answers, which are all inflammation of non-bony structures within the body. 

These are tests for femur fractures, specifically for fractures of the femoral neck. The fulcrum test involves having the patient sit with his/her affected leg hanging off the edge of a surface, then the examiner will place his/her forearm under the shaft of the femur. If the patient experiences pain in the femur upon applying downward force on the knee, the result is positive, and the patient has fractured the femur. The patellar-pubic percussion test involves the use of a stethoscope on the lateral aspect of the pubic symphysis of the leg being examined. The patella is tapped with the tip of a finger or a tuning fork. Normally, there will be a distinct, loud sound that is caused by each tapping; if the sound is dissipated or muffled, this indicates a femoral fracture. 

Inability to take more than 4 steps with the injured leg is one of the criteria of the is used order x-rays for suspected fractures around the knee complex, per the Ottawa knee rules. The other criteria are as follows: isolated tenderness at the patella or tenderness at the fibular head or patient age greater than 55 or inability to flex the knee past .

Although diagnostic imaging is needed to conclusively to rule in a fracture, the closed fist percussion sign has good diagnostic value in detecting vertebral compression fractures. Given that this tests involves hitting a patient in the back, clinicians may be hesitant to use this test. In such cases, the supine sign (increased pain with lying supine) can also be used to screen for vertebral compression fractures.

As their names suggest, the Ottawa knee and ankle rules, and the Amsterdam wrist rules are used to determine which patients should receive x-rays for suspected ankle, knee, and wrist fractures respectively. Well's criteria are used to screen for pulmonary embolisms (PEs) and deep vein thromboses (DVTs). It should be noted that there are distinct Well's criteria for PEs and DVTs.