"Taciturn" means quiet and "tremulous" means timid, so neither of these make much sense. "Callous" and "irreverent" would make it seem like Sophie wants to show disregard for people who disagree with her, which could be the case, but it seems that her passion for these issues incites her to behave in a very out-of-character manner, so "pugnacious," meaning eager to quarrel, makes the most sense.

The key aspect of the second sentence is that John does not act his age but instead shows signs unbecoming of a man of thirty years. Certainly many of these words work in a broad sense. A thirty-year-old should not be "agitated" or perhaps "overworked"—at least he or she should not be so all the time; however, the most direct word is "puerile," meaning childish. The word comes from Latin "puer" for boy and describes the situation of John's temperament well.

The sentence conveys the idea is that LaRhette does not have too big of a problem with long commutes, but it also suggests that she is happy that she does not have to undertake long commutes anymore. Thus "averse," meaning opposed, and "indisposed," meaning unwilling, do not work at all in the sentence's context. "Agreeable," meaning willing, or "inclined," meaning leaning towards, could each work; however, since it seems that she prefers her now-shorter commute, even though she was used to longer commutes, "inured," meaning accustomed to, makes the most sense, because it doesn't convey as much of a positive view of LaRhette's previous, longer commute.

"Urbane" makes no sense whatsoever, as it means refined and would not really be used to describe someone's mass. "Lithe" and "slender" both mean lean, but the use of the word "though" indicates that the blank will be filled with something that means the opposite of "lean." An "inconsequent" mass would be a very small amount, which would once more indicate that Henry VIII's physique did not change much. Thus "ponderous", meaning of great weight, makes the most sense.

The studies disproved the claims of cigarette companies, meaning those claims had to be the opposite of "caus[ing] great harm." While other choices make sense in the sentence, "therapeutic," meaning curative or medicinal, is the best fit.

"Vestigial" means bearing a trace or (metaphorical) footprint. This best describes the evidence given of previous stages in evolutionary history. "Unquestioned" is perhaps the next best answer choice, though it doesn't give the sense of the antecedence mentioned in the sentence. Nearly as tempting is "recondite" (not commonly known) but given that the stages are bearing evidence (and hence aren't totally hidden like recondite things), do not be tempted to select this "smarter" word, though it seems to fit. "Clear" is far too vague, as is "exciting."

The smuggling that was going on is a good indicator that the restrictions were not working. The correct answer, therefore, will indicate the restrictions were not very serious. "Lax," meaning loose or careless, is the correct answer.

Some of the defenders of evolution as described in the sentence are calm when defending the theory, but others are implied to be more aggressive. "Vitriolic" means bitter or scathing, and therefore is the best choice for this sentence, as a more aggressive defender would likely be more scathing in their arguments with critics. While "pernicious" may look like a correct answer, it actually means causing harm gradually, so it doesn't make sense in the sentence.

There are several trap answers in this question, so it is necessary to be very careful in reading it through the first time. Note that the state of provisions and water were problematic above all because they led to disease. If we pay heed to this, immediately it is possible to eliminate "scarce," "meager," and "questionable." These answers are tempting but ultimately too far from the desired meaning. Left with "putrid" and "insalubrious," it is a matter of vocabulary knowledge. "Insalubrious" means unhealthful, which is more directly related to the sentence's context than is "putrid," though the latter is quite tempting.

We're looking for an adjective that describes how the cat manages to remain calm in every situation it's put in. Because "imperturbable" means calm and not able to be upset, it is the best answer choice.