When the DNA helix is opened by DNA helicase, both strands are available to be read by DNA polymerase. However, since DNA polymerase can only read from 3'-to-5', one strand must be synthesized in segments (called Okazaki fragments), rather than one continuous strand. The leading strand is read in the 3'-to-5' direction away from the replication fork, while the lagging strand is read in the 3'-to-5' direction toward the replication fork. This results in a leading and a lagging strand due to the antiparallel structure of DNA.

The correct answer is methyltransferase, which is involved in the methylation of DNA post transcription. The other 4 enzymes are directly involved in the DNA replication bubble. Topoisomerase unwinds the replication fork, polymerase elongates new DNA strands, primase creates primers on the discontinuous 5' to 3' side of the replication bubble, and ligase joins the Okazaki fragments on the discontinous 5' to 3' side.

Microsatellites are generally composed of many repeated bases over and over again, which result from mistakes by DNA polymerase. Polymerase tends to create more errors in cases where many bases are repeated, often creating neutral mutations that evolve extremely quickly.

In DNA replication, the synthesis of new strands can be accomplished in both directions. In each direction, you will have both a leading strand and a lagging strand. While both new strands require an RNA primer in order to get started, the leading strand can be continuously synthesized because the template strand is exposed in a 3' to 5' direction. As a result, only one DNA polymerase III is required for this strand.

Keep in mind that while the new strand is synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction, the template strand is read in a 3' to 5' direction. This allows for the new strand to be complementary to the template.

The correct answer is non-homologous end joining repair. This type of DNA repair is more common than homology-directed repair which repairs damaged DNA by using a homologous template. Homologous recombination is a specific type of homology-directed repair. V(D)J recombination is a form of genetic recombination that occurs in developing lymphocytes to give rise to diverse antibodies. Selective autophagy is the selective removal of damaged proteins from the cell following a stress event such as heat exposure. 

The correct answer is non-homologous end joining DNA repair. This specific DNA ligase joins the double stranded phosphodiester bond break in DNA by consumption of ATP, however, this repair mechanism often times is error prone and results in indels (insertion/deletion mutations). Homology directed DNA repair and homologous recombination are very similar processes that rely on template sequences to "swap" DNA sequences with other parts of the genome, however, they do not rely on this ligase. DNA ligase IV does not have a role in DNA replication. 

Primase synthesizes RNA primers for DNA polymerase to bind to and initiate DNA replication.

Translesion DNA synthesis is a technique used by both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The main purpose of translesion DNA synthesis is to bypass lesions encountered during DNA replication (commonly thymine dimers or AP sites). Translesion DNA synthesis is not exclusive to the mitochondria, nor does it create specialized RNA molecules. 

UV light causes the formation of thymidine dimers. A thymidine dimer is two thymine molecules that dimerize and cannot be recognized by the DNA transcription machinery, which would cause a mutation in the gene if the dimerization occurs on a gene.

Base excision repair and direct reversal only work on individual bases on the DNA molecule. Nucleotide excision repair cuts out a section of damaged DNA and repolymerizes the molecule, as would be required in this case.

Unrepaired doublestrand breaks will result in collapse of the DNA fork because the replication fork cannot continue beyond the area that has the doublestrand break. The other answers require the presence of at least one continuous strand of DNA.