GMAT Math : Arithmetic

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Example Questions

Example Question #1 : Dsq: Understanding Arithmetic Sets

Let be the set of all of the multiples of 3 between 29 and 50. How many subsets of can be formed?

Possible Answers:

254

126

5,040

128

256

Correct answer:

128

Explanation:

The multiples of 3 between 29 and 50 are 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, and 48 - therefore, has seven elements total.

The number of subsets in a set can be calculated by raising 2 to the power of the number of elements. Therefore, the answer to our question is $2^{7} = 128$ .

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Example Question #2 : Dsq: Understanding Arithmetic Sets

The senior class of Watson High School has 613 students. An election was held for Senior Class President between three candidates, Martindale, Nance, and Osgood.

If every student voted for one of these three, and the student with the most votes was declared the winner, who won the election?

Statement 1: Martindale got 240 votes.

Statement 2: Nance got 244 votes.

Possible Answers:

EITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are insufficient to answer the question.

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Correct answer:

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

Explanation:

If we only know Martindale got 240 votes, since 240 is not a majority, we cannot determine the winner with certainty. For example, the following two results are possible:

Martindale: 240, Nance: 0, Osgood 373 - Osgood wins

Martindale 240, Nance 373, Osgood 0 - Nance wins.

A similar argument shows the second statement insufficient as well, since 244 is not a majority.

But the two statements together allow us a complete picture;

Martindale 240, Nance 244, Osgood 129 - Nance wins

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Example Question #1 : Sets

The senior class has 457 students. An election was held for Senior Class President between three candidates, Anderson, Benson, and Carter.

If every student voted for one of these three, and the student with the most votes was declared the winner, who won the election?

Statement 1: Benson got 251 votes.

Statement 2: Carter got 101 votes.

Possible Answers:

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

EITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are insufficient to answer the question.

Correct answer:

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Explanation:

From Statement 1 alone, it can be immediately deduced that Benson won, since 251 of the 457 votes consititute a majority:

$\frac{251}{457} \cdot 100 = 54.9$

Benson got 54.9% of the vote, so there is no way that Anderson or Carter could have bested Benson.

Statement 2 tells only that Carter did not win, since either Anderson or Benson had to have won at least half, or $\left (457 - 101 \right ) \div 2 = 178$ ; we cannot, however, tell which one it was without further information.

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Example Question #3 : Sets

Let be the set of all perfect squares and perfect cubes between 1 and 100 inclusive. How many subsets does have?

Possible Answers:

Infinitely many

2,048

8,192

4,096

1,024

Correct answer:

4,096

Explanation:

$Q = \left \{ 1, 4, 8, 9, 16, 25,27, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100\right \}$ , which is a set of 12 elements. A set this size has $2 ^{12} = 4,096$ subsets.

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Example Question #3 : Sets

Given that $A = \left \{4,8,12,16,20,... \right \}$ and $B = \left \{ 5,10,15,20,25,...\right \}$ , is it true that positive integer $n \in A \cap B$ ?

Statement 1: The last digit of is a 0.

Statement 2: The second-to-last digit of is 5.

Possible Answers:

BOTH statements TOGETHER are insufficient to answer the question.

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

EITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Correct answer:

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Explanation:

and are the sets of positive multiples of 4 and 5, respectively. For a number to be in both sets, the number must be divisible by both 4 and 5. This happens if and only if it is also divisible by LCM (4,5) = 20 .

The elements of $n \in A \cap B$ are precisely the mulitples of 20:

$\left \{ 20,40,60,80,100,120,140,160,180,200,...\right \}$

All of the numbers end in 0 and have 2, 4, 6, 8,or 0 as their second-to-last digit.

Statement 1 does not, by itself, prove or disprove that $n \in A \cap B$ , since there are numbers like 10 and 30 that do not fall in this set. But none of the elements of $A \cap B$ have 5 as their second-to-last digit, so Statement 2 proves $n \in A \cap B$ to be false.

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Example Question #4 : Sets

Two courses open to students in their senior year at Johnson High School are calculus and physics; students may take either or both. Of the 524 seniors enrolled at JHS, are more of them taking calculus or physics?

Statement 1: 139 students are taking neither course.

Statement 2: One-third of the students enrolled in calculus are also enrolled in physics.

Possible Answers:

BOTH statements TOGETHER are insufficient to answer the question.

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

EITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Correct answer:

BOTH statements TOGETHER are insufficient to answer the question.

Explanation:

Suppose you know both statements. From the first statement, you can calculate that 524-139 = 385 seniors are taking calculus, physics, or both. However, as illustrated by these two examples, you cannot tell which course has more seniors enrolled.

Example 1: 50 seniors are enrolled in both courses.

Then $3 \cdot 50 = 150$ seniors are enrolled in calculus; 385 - 150 = 235 seniors are enrolled in physics but not calculus; 235 + 50 = 285 seniors total are enrolled in physics. This means that seniors in physics outnumber seniors in calculus.

Example 2: 100 seniors are enrolled both courses.

Then $3 \cdot 100 = 300$ seniors are enrolled in calculus; 385 - 300 = 85 seniors are enrolled in physics but not calculus; 85 + 100 = 185 seniors total are enrolled in physics. This means that seniors in calculus outnumber seniors in physics.

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Example Question #4 : Dsq: Understanding Arithmetic Sets

Define sets A,B as follows:

$A = \left \{ 2,4,6,8,10\right \}$

$B = \left \{ 1,3,6,9,10\right \}$

What is $\overline{A\cup B}$ ?

Statement 1: $U = \left \{ 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10\right \}$

Statement 2: comprises ten elements, all of which are positive integers.

Possible Answers:

EITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are insufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Correct answer:

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Explanation:

$A\cup B = \left \{ 1,2,3,4,6,8,9,10\right \}$

$\overline{A\cup B}$ is the complement of $A\cup B$ - that is, the set of all elements in the universal set that are not in $A\cup B$ . To find $\overline{A\cup B}$ given $A\cup B$ , we need to know the elements in . Statement 1 gives us this information; Statement 2 does not.

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Example Question #5 : Dsq: Understanding Arithmetic Sets

If S = [{1 , 3 , 7}] , what is S + B ?

(1) B = S + 3

(2) $S\bigcup B= [{1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 10}]$

Possible Answers:

EACH statement ALONE is sufficient

Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient

Statements (1) and (2) TOGETHER are not sufficient

Statement (2) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (1) alone is not sufficient

Correct answer:

Statement (1) ALONE is sufficient, but statement (2) alone is not sufficient

Explanation:

Statement (1) allows us to find B:

B = S + 3 = {4 , 6 , 10} Therefore:

S + B = {1+4 , 1+6 , 1+10 , 3+4 , 3+6 , 3+10 , 7+4 , 7+6 , 7+10}

S + B = {5 , 7 , 9 , 11 , 13 , 17}. SO statement (1) is sufficient to find S+B

Statement (2) does not give us enough information to find B. It could be any set between {4 , 6 , 10} and {1 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 , 10} if it includes the same numbers as S. Therefore Statement 2 is not sufficient.

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Example Question #158 : Arithmetic

Number_sets

Examine the above Venn diagram, which represents the sets of real numbers.

If real number were to be placed in its correct region in the diagram, which one would it be - I, II, III, IV, or V?

Statement 1: is negative.

Statement 2: If $m= n \div 9$ , then would be placed in Region III.

Possible Answers:

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

EITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are insufficient to answer the question.

Correct answer:

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Explanation:

Statement 1 alone only eliminates Regions I and II (since whole numbers are nonnegative integers); negative numbers can be found in Regions III, IV, and V.

Statement 2 alone states that is an integer that as not a whole number - that is, is a negative integer. Since $m= n \div 9$ , as a consequence, n = 9m . , the product of a positive integer and a negative integer, is a negative integer, and it would be placed in Region III, which comprises exactly the negative integers.

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Example Question #11 : Sets

Number_sets

Examine the above diagram, which shows a Venn diagram representing the sets of real numbers.

If real number were to be placed in its correct region in the diagram, which one would it be - I, II, III, IV, or V?

Statement 1: If $m = n \div 7$ , then would be placed in Region IV.

Statement 2: If $p = n \cdot 7$ , then would be placed in Region IV.

Possible Answers:

BOTH statements TOGETHER are insufficient to answer the question.

EITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

BOTH statements TOGETHER are sufficient to answer the question, but NEITHER statement ALONE is sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Statement 1 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 2 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Correct answer:

Statement 2 ALONE is sufficient to answer the question, but Statement 1 ALONE is NOT sufficient to answer the question.

Explanation:

Region IV comprises the rational numbers that are not integers. A number is rational if and only if it can be expressed as the quotient of integers.

From Statement 1 alone, it can be inferred that is rational, and that it is not an integer. Since $m = n \div 7$ , it follows that $n= 7 \cdot m$ . However, this is not sufficient to narrow it down completely.

For example:

If $m = \frac{1}{7}$ , then $n= 7 \cdot \frac{1}{7} = 1$ , a natural number, putting it in Region I.

If $m = \frac{1}{6}$ , then $n= 7 \cdot \frac{1}{6} = \frac{7}{6}$ , a rational number but not an integer, putting it in Region IV.

From Statement 2 alone, it can be inferred that is rational, and that it is not an integer. From $p= n \cdot 7$ , it follows that $n = p \div 7$ . The nonzero rational numbers are closed under division, so must be a rational number. However, since $p= n \cdot 7$ is not an integer, cannot be an integer, since the integers are closed under multiplication. Therefore, Statement 2 alone proves that belongs in Region IV.

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GMAT Math : Arithmetic

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for GMAT Math

All GMAT Math Resources

Example Questions

Example Question #1 : Dsq: Understanding Arithmetic Sets

Example Question #2 : Dsq: Understanding Arithmetic Sets

Example Question #1 : Sets

Example Question #3 : Sets

Example Question #3 : Sets

Example Question #4 : Sets

Example Question #4 : Dsq: Understanding Arithmetic Sets

Example Question #5 : Dsq: Understanding Arithmetic Sets

Example Question #158 : Arithmetic

Example Question #11 : Sets

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