Broca’s aphasia results from damage to Broca’s area. It is a language disorder in which the individual has difficulty expressing language through speech and writing. These individuals must exert great effort to generate even ungrammatical or poorly structured speech. For this reason Broca’s aphasia is also called non-fluent aphasia; however, it is thought that their ability to understand language is significantly less affected. Contrastingly, Wernicke’s aphasia is a language disorder in which the individual is able to generate syntactically correct language that is semantically nonsensical (e.g. “the football offered to wash its hand). These individuals also do not seem to understand or correctly interpret language either. This aphasia is also called fluent aphasia and is related to damage to Wernicke’s area. Broca’s aphasia is located in the left frontal lobe in the brain, while Wernicke’s area is located in the left temporal lobe.

The occipital lobe is responsible for vision. The rest of the answers are functions that belong to different parts of the brain. For instance, auditory information processing belongs to the temporal lobe, while higher-order cognitive processes tend to be done by the frontal lobe. The medulla is responsible for habitual, automatic behaviors, and the cerebellum is responsible for coordination of motor movements and regulatory functions. 

Ben's presentation is consistent with Broca's aphasia, which is an expressive aphasia that includes difficulty producing language. Broca's aphasia occurs due to damage to the left frontal lobe. It is important to remember that the left hemisphere of the brain is involved with language. Wernicke's aphasia, a receptive aphasia, is due to damage to the left temporal lobe. Damage to the amygdala affects memory and expression of emotions, including anger and fear. 

The cerebellum is located adjacent to the spinal cord and is responsible for motor control, posture, and balance. On the other hand, the frontal lobe is located at the front end of the brain and is responsible for higher level functions like thinking, planning, problem solving, and impulse control. The amygdala is a part of the limbic system and involved in emotions. The temporal lobe houses the limbic system and its functions include memory, language, emotions, taking in sensory information, and listening. The occipital lobe processes visual information. 

The hypothalamus is considered the "powerhouse" of the brain because it is responsible for several functions that are imperative to survival. It does this by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is involved with hunger, thirst, sleep, body temperature, sex drive, and emotions like anger and stress. On the other hand, the thalamus receives sensory signals and then relays them to the appropriate part of the brain. The hippocampus is a part of the limbic system and involved with storing long-term memories. The medulla controls autonomic functions, including heart rate and breathing. The pons relays information and plays a part in sleep and motor movements like facial expressions.

The parasympathetic nervous system, which is responsible for slowing down the body after a stress response, is part of the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic system helps regulate involuntary functions of our body such as heart rate, internal organ activity, gland secretions, etc. The sympathetic nervous system is also part of the autonomic system. Alternatively, the somatic nervous system controls our voluntary muscle movements and our central nervous system only refers to the brain and spinal cord. 

Similar to the famous case of Phineas Gage, Ken's frontal lobe was damaged. The frontal lobe is responsible for emotional control, abstract thought, and executive functions such as foreseeing consequences, making good judgements, and pursuing goals. Due to the damage in his frontal lobe, Ken had a lack of emotional control as well as impaired judgment.

The hypothalamus is involved in regulating several functions, which includes: maintaining homeostasis, body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual drive, sleep, and mood. It does this by releasing hormones through the pituitary gland. The occipital lobe is the part of the brain that is involved in processing visual information.

Parkinson's disease is a degenerative disorder that affects the substantia nigra, among other nerve cells. This region is responsible for the production of dopamine, a neurotransmitter that facilitates smooth and coordinated body movements by allowing communication between the brain and muscles. When dopamine receptors related to movement are inadequately stimulated the result can be inhibitory, causing muscle rigidity and tremors. On the other hand, an overabundance of dopamine may produce symptoms of paranoia and psychosis as can be found in true schizophrenia. A deficiency in serotonin has been associated with depression, increased aggression, and overeating. Overly high serotonin levels on the other hand result in symptoms including confusion, a rapid heart-rate, agitation, and restlessness.

The "hippocampus," part of the brain's limbic system, plays an important role in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory. In addition, the hippocampus helps with our spatial navigation.