A chromosome carries the genetic material for a certain segment of the genome. A chromosome can consist of either one or two chromatids.

During metaphase, there are 46 chromosomes composed of two sister chromatids each that align at the metaphase plate. Then, during anaphase, these chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles of the cell. This separation results in 92 separate chromatids in the cell, which are considered 92 chromosomes.

Only germ cells will have 23 chromosomes. These haploid cells result from meiosis, rather than mitosis.

During telophase the chromosomes have been sufficiently separated, and new nuclei can be formed. Telophase functions to prepare the cell for cytokinesis be sealing the chromosomes off from the cytoplasm in a new nuclear envelope.

The nuclear envelope first dissolves during prophase, allowing the chromosomes to migrate into the cytoplasm. They align at the center of the cell during metaphase. Sister chromatids are separated during anaphase, and the cell prepares for the final stages of division during telophase.

During metaphase, chromosomes line up along the center of the cell. At this point, each chromosome contains two sister chromatids.

During anaphase, sister chromatids are separated but remain within the same cell cytoplasm.

A chromosome can consist of either one or two chromatid. A single chromatid is considered a chromosome once it has been separated from its pair. During anaphase, each of the cell's 46 chromosomes is split into singular chromatids, and each chromatid is considered a separate chromosome structure for a total of 92 chromosomes. Once the cell completes division, these chromatids are sequestered into separate nuclei and the cell returns to its normal diploid state.

During mitosis we do not see separation of the homologous chromosomes. This is the reason that meiosis results in a reduction of ploidy and that mitosis does not. Separation of homologous chromosomes occurs after the formation of tetrads, during anaphase I of meiosis.

All of the other answers are processes that occur during both meiosis and mitosis. Both divisions require the condensation of chromosomes and eventual cytokinesis to produce daughter cells. Sister chromatids are separated during anaphase of mitosis, and during anaphase II of meiosis.

Anaphase is primarily characterized by the separation of the sister chromatids. This process occurs by degrading the protein securin, which binds the chromatids together. By degrading this protein, anaphase physically allows the sister chromatids to separate. Immediately after separation, the sister chromatids begin to migrate towards opposite ends of the spindle. Chromosome condensation occurs during prophase, not anaphase. 

Metaphase is the stage of mitosis when chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate, so that they may be accurately segregated into two unique cells. Metaphase is the second phase of mitosis, following prophase.

During prophase, chromosomes condense and exit the nuclear envelope to align during metaphase. Anaphase follows metaphase, and is characterized by the separation of sister chromatids. Telophase is the final mitotic stage, during which the cell prepares for cytokinesis.

Cytokinesis begins shortly after anaphase, when a contractile ring assembles near the equator of the cell. A cleavage furrow is formed and eventually, cytokinesis is completed. Actin filaments are capable of contraction, while tubulin polymers (microtubules) are generally used for cell structure. Microtubules form the spindle fibers used to separate sister chromatids during anaphase, but do not play a significant role in cytokinesis.

Microtubules are polymers of tubulin, and are components of the cytoskeleton. They are involved in mitosis, during which they are involved in the formation of the mitotic spindles. The drugs in chemotherapy are used in the disruption of mitotic processes. By disrupting microtubules, spindle fibers will be unable to form and the cell will be unable to complete anaphase.

Microtubules are not significantly involved in endocytosis, chromosome condensation, or the immune response. Microtubules are involved in cell motility, but movement of tumors is not a typical symptom of cancer. When tumors spread, it is generally due to cancerous cells being carried by the blood to other regions of the body, and is not directly linked to cell motility or microtubules.

Crossing over is the only answer choice that does not occur during mitosis. Crossing over occurs during prophase I of meiosis and involves swapping of genetic information between homologous chromosomes. This require the formation of tetrads, which does not occur during mitosis.

During prophase of mitosis chromatin condenses to form chromosomes and the nucleolus disappears. During prometaphase the nuclear membrane disintegrates. During anaphase of mitosis the sister chromatids separate. 

Somatic cells refer to all cells in the body, with the exception of the reproductive cells. Gametes are the reproductive cells, namely the sperm and egg cells.

Somatic cells each have 46 chromosomes in total, with 23 chromosomes from each parent. Each somatic cell contains 23 homologous pairs and is considered diploid. Gametes have 23 chromosomes in total, one copy from each homologous pair, and are considered haploid. When two gametes fuse to form a zygote, each gamete contributes one copy of each chromosome. This results in a diploid zygote with 46 chromosomes.