Mary is performing an experiment involving the electromagnetic spectrum. She observes several different types of waves and records their wavelength, frequency, and speed.

FM radio waves are at the higher end of the radio wave frequency spectrum. Which of the following could be possible value for the frequency of an FM radio wave?

Mary is performing an experiment involving the electromagnetic spectrum. She observes several different types of waves and records their wavelength, frequency, and speed.

Which of the following would be a valid conclusion for this experiment?

A fiber optic Michelson interferometer is a device that detects changes in optical paths. In a fiber optic interferometer, a coherent light source (usually a laser) is sent through a beam splitter that splits the light along two paths. These beams are coupled into fiber optic cables that can be arranged and manipulated more freely than mirrors. The two beams are finally recombined by a second beam splitter and superimposed on a screen. If there is a phase difference between the two waves, interference fringes will be viewed on the screen.

By observing fringe shifts, one can quantify the change in optical path difference between the two fibers using the following equation:

where m is the number of fringe shifts, x is the difference between the optical paths of the two beams, and  is the change in the optical path difference.

Experiment 1:

A student sets up a fiber optic Michelson interferometer and heats one of the fibers with various resistors and power supplies, fans air over one of the fibers, and then bends one of the fibers. The resulting fringe shifts, as well as the change in optical path difference (OPD), are shown below.

The experiment is set up correctly and measurements are taken. If 0 fringe shifts are measured, what can we conclude from the experiment?

A fiber optic Michelson interferometer is a device that detects changes in optical paths. In a fiber optic interferometer, a coherent light source (usually a laser) is sent through a beam splitter that splits the light along two paths. These beams are coupled into fiber optic cables that can be arranged and manipulated more freely than mirrors. The two beams are finally recombined by a second beam splitter and superimposed on a screen. If there is a phase difference between the two waves, interference fringes will be viewed on the screen.

By observing fringe shifts, one can quantify the change in optical path difference between the two fibers using the following equation:

where m is the number of fringe shifts, x is the difference between the optical paths of the two beams, and  is the change in the optical path difference.

Experiment 1:

A student sets up a fiber optic Michelson interferometer and heats one of the fibers with various resistors and power supplies, fans air over one of the fibers, and then bends one of the fibers. The resulting fringe shifts, as well as the change in optical path difference (OPD), are shown below.

If a measured fringe shift is written as , where 1 represents the uncertainty, what is the percent uncertainty?

A student was interested in determining the relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance in a direct circuit, such as those exemplified by batteries connected to light bulbs. The student built the circuit presented in Figure 1 using a 2 ohm resistor.

Figure 1:

The current that flows through the circuit can be calculated using the equation , where  is the voltage of the battery,  is the current flowing through the circuit, and  is the resistance of the resistor.

The student used a 2 ohm resistor and batteries of various voltages to obtain the results in Table 1. The currents shown in the table are NOT calculated using the formula , but instead directly measured from the circuit using an ammeter. It is important to note that the measured current will only exactly equal the calculated current if the system contains no internal resistance.

If the student didn't know the resistance in the resistor, what formula could he use to approximate it?

A student was interested in determining the relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance in a direct circuit, such as those exemplified by batteries connected to light bulbs. The student built the circuit presented in Figure 1 using a 2 ohm resistor.

Figure 1:

The current that flows through the circuit can be calculated using the equation , where  is the voltage of the battery,  is the current flowing through the circuit, and  is the resistance of the resistor.

The student used a 2 ohm resistor and batteries of various voltages to obtain the results in Table 1. The currents shown in the table are NOT calculated using the formula , but instead directly measured from the circuit using an ammeter. It is important to note that the measured current will only exactly equal the calculated current if the system contains no internal resistance.

Based on Table 1, if a battery of 50 V were used in the circuit, what would be the most likely amount of current to flow through the circuit?

A student was interested in determining the relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance in a direct circuit, such as those exemplified by batteries connected to light bulbs. The student built the circuit presented in Figure 1 using a 2 ohm resistor.

Figure 1:

The current that flows through the circuit can be calculated using the equation , where  is the voltage of the battery,  is the current flowing through the circuit, and  is the resistance of the resistor.

The student used a 2 ohm resistor and batteries of various voltages to obtain the results in Table 1. The currents shown in the table are NOT calculated using the formula , but instead directly measured from the circuit using an ammeter. It is important to note that the measured current will only exactly equal the calculated current if the system contains no internal resistance.

The passage and Table 1 present results with ideal batteries that do not have any internal resistance. If the batteries used were a real batteries that had internal resistance, how would the measured currents of the system change?

A student was interested in determining the relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance in a direct circuit, such as those exemplified by batteries connected to light bulbs. The student built the circuit presented in Figure 1 using a 2 ohm resistor.

Figure 1:

The current that flows through the circuit can be calculated using the equation , where  is the voltage of the battery,  is the current flowing through the circuit, and  is the resistance of the resistor.

The student used a 2 ohm resistor and batteries of various voltages to obtain the results in Table 1. The currents shown in the table are NOT calculated using the formula , but instead directly measured from the circuit using an ammeter. It is important to note that the measured current will only exactly equal the calculated current if the system contains no internal resistance.

In Experiment 3, if the student were to use the same 30 V battery with a 4 ohm resistor instead of a 2 ohm resistor, how would the current of the system change?

A student was interested in determining the relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance in a direct circuit, such as those exemplified by batteries connected to light bulbs. The student built the circuit presented in Figure 1 using a 2 ohm resistor.

Figure 1:

The current that flows through the circuit can be calculated using the equation , where  is the voltage of the battery,  is the current flowing through the circuit, and  is the resistance of the resistor.

The student used a 2 ohm resistor and batteries of various voltages to obtain the results in Table 1. The currents shown in the table are NOT calculated using the formula , but instead directly measured from the circuit using an ammeter. It is important to note that the measured current will only exactly equal the calculated current if the system contains no internal resistance.

In Experiment 2, if the student were to use the same 20 V battery with a 3 ohm resistor instead of a 2 ohm resistor, how would the power of the circuit change?

A student was interested in determining the relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance in a direct circuit, such as those exemplified by batteries connected to light bulbs. The student built the circuit presented in Figure 1 using a 2 ohm resistor.

Figure 1:

The current that flows through the circuit can be calculated using the equation , where  is the voltage of the battery,  is the current flowing through the circuit, and  is the resistance of the resistor.

The student used a 2 ohm resistor and batteries of various voltages to obtain the results in Table 1. The currents shown in the table are NOT calculated using the formula , but instead directly measured from the circuit using an ammeter. It is important to note that the measured current will only exactly equal the calculated current if the system contains no internal resistance.

Based on the results in Table 1, the power of Experiment 1 would most likely be __________.