The sentence contrasts a hypothetical "major scandal" with the missing word. The correct answer will mean small problems or minor offenses, the definition of "peccadilloes."

The subject's approach "naturally mirrored" the "elder statesman's." The correct answer will reflect the degree of closeness indicated by the use of "naturally." "Protégé," meaning a person taught or mentored by another, is the best choice.

"Business cards" for a "start up company" are a minimal level of business ephemera. The correct answer will appropriately reflect this small token of legitimacy. "Veneer," meaning a thin sheet of material, but used here metaphorically, is the best fit.

Here one must have the vocabulary to choose correctly. "Sextant" is correct because the navigator would use this instrument to navigate in uncharted seas, using the stars as a reference point. Do not be tempted by "assistant," which would only be a distant second-best. Likewise, "cartographer" doubly does not fit, for the cartographer makes maps, which would not really be needed if one is fearful of being lost. One wishes here to be lost no longer—hence, the usefulness of a "sextant."

The clear choice can be made only by vocabulary knowledge. Otherwise, this question may lead you to choose any of the other answers. The word "numismatic" means relating to currency, and has a long etymology. Deep beneath the surface of the word is the Greek "nomos," which means custom, usage, or law. This last—law—we see in a word like "autonomy," meaning self ("auto-") rule.  

This is related to "numismatics," because in many ways the value of currency is customary (or at least based upon many things that are not of intrinsic value). As Aristotle observed in the Politics, "Others maintain that coined money is a mere sham, a thing not natural, but conventional only, because, if the users substitute another commodity for it, it is worthless, and because it is not useful as a means to any of the necessities of life, and, indeed, he who is rich in coin may often be in want of necessary food."

The key phrase is "perfect agreement." Recognizing this, you can quickly ascertain the correct answer, if you know the meaning of unanimity—complete agreement in a group. It comes from the Latin roots "unus" (one; see "unity," "uniform," "unit," etc.) and "animus" (soul or mind; see "animated," "magnanimous").

The "new marketing" is reaching out to new groups—in this particular case a younger one. The correct answer needs to mean customer base, the definition of "clientele."

The key words in the sentence are "different" and "divergent." The correct answer needs to underscore the difference between the groups. "Disparity," meaning an inequality, is the best answer choice.

The sentence contrasts how the employees view their boss with how he views himself, (as "inspirational"). The correct answer will indicate that his employees find him uninspiring and dull. "Pedant," meaning someone who overly explains simple concepts, is the best choice.

The sentence outright states the subject "ignored regulations." This means he was "reprimanded for violating" something related to "regulations." "Protocol," meaning an official procedure or code of behavior, is the correct answer.