Structure of Water and Hydrogen Bonding - AP Biology
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What causes the meniscus seen in a graduated cylinder with water?
What causes the meniscus seen in a graduated cylinder with water?
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Adhesion. Water molecules attract to glass surfaces more than to each other.
Adhesion. Water molecules attract to glass surfaces more than to each other.
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Why is water considered a polar molecule?
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
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Unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen's higher electronegativity creates charge separation.
Unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen's higher electronegativity creates charge separation.
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What type of molecule is water due to its unequal distribution of charges?
What type of molecule is water due to its unequal distribution of charges?
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Polar molecule. Unequal electron distribution creates positive and negative ends.
Polar molecule. Unequal electron distribution creates positive and negative ends.
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What is responsible for water's high surface tension?
What is responsible for water's high surface tension?
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Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding. Intermolecular attraction creates resistance at the surface.
Cohesion due to hydrogen bonding. Intermolecular attraction creates resistance at the surface.
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Why does water have a high heat of fusion?
Why does water have a high heat of fusion?
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Due to hydrogen bonding. Energy required to break bonds during melting phase transition.
Due to hydrogen bonding. Energy required to break bonds during melting phase transition.
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What is the reason for water's high heat of vaporization?
What is the reason for water's high heat of vaporization?
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Hydrogen bonding. Energy required to break multiple hydrogen bonds during vaporization.
Hydrogen bonding. Energy required to break multiple hydrogen bonds during vaporization.
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What is the charge distribution in a water molecule?
What is the charge distribution in a water molecule?
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Polar, with partial negative on oxygen and partial positive on hydrogens. Electronegativity difference creates dipole moment.
Polar, with partial negative on oxygen and partial positive on hydrogens. Electronegativity difference creates dipole moment.
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Which property of water contributes to its role in chemical reactions?
Which property of water contributes to its role in chemical reactions?
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Solvent properties. Dissolves reactants and facilitates molecular interactions.
Solvent properties. Dissolves reactants and facilitates molecular interactions.
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Which property of water allows it to form droplets on leaves?
Which property of water allows it to form droplets on leaves?
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Cohesion. Intermolecular attraction pulls molecules into spherical shapes.
Cohesion. Intermolecular attraction pulls molecules into spherical shapes.
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Which property of water allows insects to walk on its surface?
Which property of water allows insects to walk on its surface?
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Surface tension. Cohesive forces create a strong interface between water and air.
Surface tension. Cohesive forces create a strong interface between water and air.
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What type of bond forms between water molecules?
What type of bond forms between water molecules?
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Hydrogen bond. Forms between the partial positive H and partial negative O of adjacent molecules.
Hydrogen bond. Forms between the partial positive H and partial negative O of adjacent molecules.
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What is the molecular formula for water?
What is the molecular formula for water?
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H₂O. Contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
H₂O. Contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
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Which feature of water allows it to stabilize temperature in environments?
Which feature of water allows it to stabilize temperature in environments?
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High heat capacity. Hydrogen bonds absorb energy during temperature fluctuations.
High heat capacity. Hydrogen bonds absorb energy during temperature fluctuations.
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Which property of water helps in nutrient transport in organisms?
Which property of water helps in nutrient transport in organisms?
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Solvent properties. Polarity allows dissolution and transport of nutrients.
Solvent properties. Polarity allows dissolution and transport of nutrients.
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What property of water leads to surface tension?
What property of water leads to surface tension?
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Cohesion. Attraction between water molecules creates surface resistance.
Cohesion. Attraction between water molecules creates surface resistance.
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Which property of water helps maintain homeostasis in organisms?
Which property of water helps maintain homeostasis in organisms?
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High heat capacity. Prevents rapid temperature changes that could harm cells.
High heat capacity. Prevents rapid temperature changes that could harm cells.
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How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?
How many hydrogen bonds can a single water molecule form?
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Four hydrogen bonds. Two from hydrogens and two from lone pairs on oxygen.
Four hydrogen bonds. Two from hydrogens and two from lone pairs on oxygen.
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Which type of bond holds the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in a water molecule?
Which type of bond holds the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in a water molecule?
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Covalent bond. Electrons are shared between atoms within the molecule.
Covalent bond. Electrons are shared between atoms within the molecule.
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Identify the partial charges on oxygen and hydrogen in water.
Identify the partial charges on oxygen and hydrogen in water.
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Oxygen is partially negative; hydrogen is partially positive. Oxygen pulls electrons more strongly, creating polarity.
Oxygen is partially negative; hydrogen is partially positive. Oxygen pulls electrons more strongly, creating polarity.
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What is the cause of water's lower density in solid form compared to liquid?
What is the cause of water's lower density in solid form compared to liquid?
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Hydrogen bonds form a lattice in ice. Rigid crystal structure creates spaces, reducing density.
Hydrogen bonds form a lattice in ice. Rigid crystal structure creates spaces, reducing density.
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Which property of water is involved in sweating as a cooling mechanism?
Which property of water is involved in sweating as a cooling mechanism?
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High heat of vaporization. Large energy requirement for evaporation removes body heat effectively.
High heat of vaporization. Large energy requirement for evaporation removes body heat effectively.
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What is the role of hydrogen bonds in water's high heat capacity?
What is the role of hydrogen bonds in water's high heat capacity?
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They absorb heat when breaking and release heat when forming. Energy storage in bond formation/breaking moderates temperature change.
They absorb heat when breaking and release heat when forming. Energy storage in bond formation/breaking moderates temperature change.
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Why is the specific heat of water important for aquatic life?
Why is the specific heat of water important for aquatic life?
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It stabilizes temperatures in aquatic environments. Prevents harmful temperature swings in aquatic habitats.
It stabilizes temperatures in aquatic environments. Prevents harmful temperature swings in aquatic habitats.
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What describes the ability of water to resist changes in temperature?
What describes the ability of water to resist changes in temperature?
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Thermal stability. High heat capacity prevents rapid temperature fluctuations.
Thermal stability. High heat capacity prevents rapid temperature fluctuations.
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What type of molecule is water due to its unequal distribution of charges?
What type of molecule is water due to its unequal distribution of charges?
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Polar molecule. Unequal electron distribution creates positive and negative ends.
Polar molecule. Unequal electron distribution creates positive and negative ends.
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Why is water considered a polar molecule?
Why is water considered a polar molecule?
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Unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen's higher electronegativity creates charge separation.
Unequal sharing of electrons between oxygen and hydrogen. Oxygen's higher electronegativity creates charge separation.
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Which term describes water's ability to dissolve many substances?
Which term describes water's ability to dissolve many substances?
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Universal solvent. Polarity allows it to dissolve ionic and polar substances.
Universal solvent. Polarity allows it to dissolve ionic and polar substances.
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What is the structural shape of a water molecule?
What is the structural shape of a water molecule?
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Bent or V-shaped. Lone pairs on oxygen create angular geometry.
Bent or V-shaped. Lone pairs on oxygen create angular geometry.
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What is the angle between the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule?
What is the angle between the hydrogen atoms in a water molecule?
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104.5 degrees. The bent molecular geometry creates this specific bond angle.
104.5 degrees. The bent molecular geometry creates this specific bond angle.
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What allows water to adhere to plant cell walls?
What allows water to adhere to plant cell walls?
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Adhesion. Attraction between water and polar cell wall components.
Adhesion. Attraction between water and polar cell wall components.
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