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In 1903, the Wright brothers, Orville and Wilbur Wright, conducted a series of flight experiments near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, at a site called Kill Devil Hills. They had chosen the area because it offered steady winds and soft sand for safer landings. Their aircraft, the Wright Flyer, was a biplane constructed with a wooden frame and fabric covering.

On December 17, 1903, the brothers attempted four flights. Orville piloted the first flight at 10:35 a.m. It lasted 12 seconds and traveled 120 feet. The second and third flights were longer, and Wilbur piloted the fourth and final flight of the day. That last flight lasted 59 seconds and covered 852 feet.

A small group of witnesses observed the attempts, including members of the local lifesaving station. One of them used the brothers’ camera to take a photograph of the first flight. After the fourth flight, a strong gust of wind damaged the Flyer, and the brothers did not fly it again.

Although the flights were brief, they demonstrated controlled, powered flight. In later years, the Wright brothers continued to refine their designs and publicly demonstrated their aircraft in the United States and Europe.

Question: The passage clearly states that Orville’s first flight lasted how long?

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In April 1970, the damaged spacecraft Apollo 13 became the focus of an urgent rescue effort led by NASA’s Mission Control in Houston, Texas. The mission had launched from Kennedy Space Center on April 11, 1970, carrying three astronauts: James A. Lovell, John L. “Jack” Swigert, and Fred W. Haise. Their original goal was to land on the Moon near the Fra Mauro region.

On the evening of April 13, 1970, about 56 hours into the flight, an oxygen tank in the service module exploded. The crew reported the emergency at 9:08 p.m. Houston time. The explosion caused a rapid loss of oxygen and electrical power, making a lunar landing impossible. Mission Control immediately directed the astronauts to use the lunar module, Aquarius, as a “lifeboat.”

To conserve power, the crew shut down most systems in the command module, Odyssey, and moved essential operations into Aquarius. Engineers on the ground developed procedures to reduce carbon dioxide buildup by adapting square filters to fit round openings. They also planned a return path that used a free-return trajectory around the Moon.

Apollo 13 swung behind the Moon on April 15, 1970, and then fired its engines to adjust its course home. The spacecraft re-entered Earth’s atmosphere on April 17, 1970, and the astronauts splashed down safely in the Pacific Ocean. Navy recovery forces reached the crew soon after landing. Although the mission did not land on the Moon, NASA later described Apollo 13 as a “successful failure” because the crew returned alive.

Question: The passage clearly states that the oxygen tank exploded when?

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In September 1666, the Great Fire of London destroyed large sections of the city. The fire began in a bakery on Pudding Lane in the early hours of Sunday, September 2, 1666. The bakery belonged to Thomas Farriner, who supplied bread to the king’s navy. A strong wind helped the flames spread quickly through wooden buildings and narrow streets.

The fire burned for four days, moving westward from the area near London Bridge. Many residents fled on foot or by boat, carrying what belongings they could. The fire destroyed St. Paul’s Cathedral, along with thousands of houses, shops, and churches. Contemporary estimates reported that about 13,200 houses were lost.

Despite the enormous property damage, official records listed only a small number of deaths. After the fire, London faced the task of rebuilding. New regulations encouraged the use of brick and stone instead of wood. The architect Sir Christopher Wren proposed ambitious redesigns for the city, though many streets were rebuilt along older lines because property boundaries were difficult to change.

By the late 1660s and into the following decades, London gradually recovered. The disaster, however, remained a defining event in the city’s history and influenced building practices for generations.

Question: According to the passage, the Great Fire began in a bakery on which street?

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In 1492, the Spanish monarchs King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Christopher Columbus, an Italian navigator. Columbus sailed from Palos de la Frontera in Spain on August 3, 1492, with three ships: the Niña, the Pinta, and the Santa María.

After weeks at sea, the expedition reached land on October 12, 1492. Columbus named the island San Salvador. The voyage continued through parts of the Caribbean, and the Santa María later ran aground. Columbus left some men at a settlement called La Navidad.

Columbus returned to Spain in early 1493 and reported that he had reached islands near Asia. In later years, Europeans recognized that the voyages had connected Europe to the Americas in a sustained way. Columbus made additional voyages, but the first voyage remained the most famous because it marked the initial landing in 1492.

Question: According to the passage, what were the names of Columbus’s three ships?

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In 1969, the music festival known as Woodstock took place on a dairy farm in Bethel, New York. Although it is often called “Woodstock,” the event was officially billed as the Woodstock Music & Art Fair. The festival was scheduled for August 15–17, 1969, and it drew a crowd far larger than the organizers expected.

The site belonged to Max Yasgur, who agreed to rent his land for the event. Performers included Joan Baez, Jimi Hendrix, The Who, and Janis Joplin. Heavy rain created deep mud across the grounds, and traffic jams delayed many attendees.

Despite shortages of food and difficult conditions, the festival continued. Many people later remembered it as a defining moment of late-1960s youth culture. A documentary film and a soundtrack album helped spread the festival’s reputation.

Woodstock was not repeated in the same way the following year, but it remained a powerful symbol in popular memory.

Question: What does the passage explicitly mention as the location of Woodstock?

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In 1547, the young Ivan IV was crowned as the first ruler to take the title “Tsar of All Russia.” He had become Grand Prince of Moscow as a child, but the formal coronation took place in Moscow’s Cathedral of the Dormition. The ceremony emphasized both religious authority and political power.

During Ivan’s early reign, advisers helped him introduce reforms. In 1550, a revised law code strengthened central administration. Ivan also created a standing military force known as the streltsy. These soldiers were equipped with firearms and served as an important part of the tsar’s army.

Ivan’s government expanded Russian territory. In 1552, Russian forces captured Kazan, and in 1556, they captured Astrakhan, gaining control along the Volga River. Later, Ivan’s policies became harsher. In 1565, he established the oprichnina, a separate domain controlled directly by him and enforced by his personal agents.

Ivan’s reign lasted until 1584. Historians often note both his state-building efforts and the violence associated with parts of his rule.

Question: What does the passage explicitly mention Ivan created as a standing military force?

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In 1716, English writer Lady Mary Wortley Montagu traveled to the Ottoman Empire when her husband was appointed ambassador to Constantinople. While living there, she observed a local practice used to prevent smallpox. The method involved introducing material from a mild smallpox case into a healthy person, a procedure later called variolation.

Montagu had personal reasons to pay attention to smallpox prevention. She had survived smallpox earlier and bore facial scars from the disease. In Constantinople, she arranged for her son to undergo variolation in 1718, under the supervision of local practitioners.

After returning to England, Montagu promoted the procedure among aristocratic circles. In 1721, during a smallpox outbreak in London, variolation was tested more formally. Montagu also arranged for her daughter to be variolated in England, increasing public interest.

Variolation carried risks, but it influenced later medical developments. In 1796, Edward Jenner introduced vaccination using cowpox, which proved safer and became the foundation of modern immunization.

Question: According to the passage, in what year did Montagu arrange variolation for her son?

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In 2003, engineers completed the Three Gorges Dam on the Yangtze River in China as part of a long-term hydroelectric and flood-control project. Construction began earlier, but the passage of time is important: the dam’s first generator began producing electricity in July 2003. The project was managed by the China Three Gorges Corporation, and the dam’s power station was designed to supply electricity to major industrial regions.

The dam spans the river near the city of Yichang in Hubei Province. It includes a large concrete wall, ship locks, and a ship lift intended to help vessels move past the dam. The reservoir created behind the dam extends upstream, and its water level is controlled to reduce flooding during heavy rain seasons. Engineers also planned for sediment management because the Yangtze carries significant silt.

The hydroelectric station eventually included 32 main turbines, each rated at 700 megawatts, along with 2 smaller units that provide power for the dam’s own operations. When all main turbines operate, the station’s total main generating capacity is 22,400 megawatts. The electricity is transmitted through high-voltage lines to cities and factories.

The project required relocating residents from areas that would be submerged by the reservoir. Government reports listed new housing developments and compensation policies, and the relocation occurred in stages. Supporters emphasized electricity production and flood control, while critics raised concerns about environmental change and the loss of cultural sites.

According to the passage, how many main turbines were eventually included at the station?

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In a school laboratory, Ms. Alvarez demonstrated paper chromatography to separate pigments in a black, water-based marker. She began the lesson at 9:10 a.m. on Tuesday, October 6, and she wrote the purpose on the board: “to separate a mixture into its components.” Each lab group received a 250 mL beaker, a strip of chromatography paper, a pencil, and a ruler.

First, students used a pencil to draw a light line 2 centimeters from the bottom of the paper strip. They placed a single dot of black ink on the line and let it dry for one minute. Next, they poured 20 mL of water into the beaker. Ms. Alvarez reminded everyone that the ink dot must start above the water level, so the ink would not dissolve directly into the beaker.

Then, students clipped the paper to a wooden stick and lowered it into the beaker so that only the bottom edge touched the water. As the water rose up the paper, it carried different pigments at different speeds. Ms. Alvarez instructed the class to stop the run when the water front reached 8 centimeters from the bottom, which took about seven minutes. Students removed the paper, marked the water front immediately, and laid the strip flat to dry.

After drying, the class observed distinct colored bands. In Ms. Alvarez’s sample, the lowest band was yellow, above it was green, and near the top was blue. She explained that the bands formed because pigments had different attractions to the paper and different solubilities in water. Finally, students recorded the order of colors and cleaned the glassware before the bell rang at 9:55 a.m.

What does the passage explicitly mention about the amount of water poured into the beaker?

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Dr. Chen assigned her biology class a controlled experiment on seed germination. Each lab group received 30 radish seeds, three labeled plastic cups, paper towels, and a measuring cylinder. The students tested how different amounts of water affected germination over five days. They conducted the setup on Monday, and they recorded results at the end of each day.

To keep conditions consistent, every cup was placed under the same fluorescent light, and the classroom thermostat was set to 22°C. Students lined each cup with a paper towel and added 10 seeds to each cup. Cup A received 5 mL of water each day, Cup B received 10 mL each day, and Cup C received 15 mL each day. Dr. Chen emphasized that the water should be poured at the same time daily, at 3:20 p.m., to avoid uneven drying.

On Day 3, several groups noticed small white roots in Cup B. By the end of Day 5, one group’s data showed 8 seeds germinated in Cup A, 9 seeds germinated in Cup B, and 6 seeds germinated in Cup C. Students wrote that Cup C’s paper towel stayed visibly wetter than the others, and some seeds appeared soft. Dr. Chen collected lab sheets and reminded the class that the independent variable was the amount of water, while the dependent variable was the number of seeds germinated.

Which of the following details is directly stated in the passage?