An AEMT establishes an IV on a stable 45-year-old female with nausea. The IV infiltrates during transport, causing minor swelling and discomfort, which resolves within 24 hours. The patient later files a lawsuit. Which of the four elements of negligence would be the most difficult for the patient to prove?
- Duty to act
- Breach of duty
- Causation
- Damages (correct answer)
Explanation: To prove negligence, a plaintiff must establish four elements: duty, breach of duty, causation, and damages. In this case, Duty is established by initiating care. Breach could be argued, though IV infiltration is a known complication. Causation is clear. However, proving damages would be most difficult, as the injury was minor, temporary, and resolved without lasting harm. Without significant damages, a negligence claim is unlikely to succeed.