Particle Motion and Heat - Middle School Physical Science
Card 1 of 25
What change in particle spacing is typically modeled when a substance is heated?
What change in particle spacing is typically modeled when a substance is heated?
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Average particle spacing increases (thermal expansion). More vibration pushes particles farther apart.
Average particle spacing increases (thermal expansion). More vibration pushes particles farther apart.
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What happens to the average kinetic energy of particles when thermal energy is added?
What happens to the average kinetic energy of particles when thermal energy is added?
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It increases. Adding thermal energy makes particles move faster.
It increases. Adding thermal energy makes particles move faster.
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What happens to the average speed of particles when thermal energy is removed?
What happens to the average speed of particles when thermal energy is removed?
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It decreases. Removing thermal energy slows particle motion.
It decreases. Removing thermal energy slows particle motion.
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What is the particle-model definition of temperature?
What is the particle-model definition of temperature?
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A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. Temperature directly relates to particle motion energy.
A measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. Temperature directly relates to particle motion energy.
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Which direction does thermal energy transfer between objects at different temperatures?
Which direction does thermal energy transfer between objects at different temperatures?
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From higher temperature to lower temperature. Heat flows from hot to cold until equilibrium.
From higher temperature to lower temperature. Heat flows from hot to cold until equilibrium.
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In a solid, how does particle motion change when thermal energy is added?
In a solid, how does particle motion change when thermal energy is added?
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Particles vibrate faster about fixed positions. More energy increases vibration amplitude.
Particles vibrate faster about fixed positions. More energy increases vibration amplitude.
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In a liquid, how does particle motion change when thermal energy is added?
In a liquid, how does particle motion change when thermal energy is added?
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Particles move faster and slide past each other more easily. Higher kinetic energy allows more fluid motion.
Particles move faster and slide past each other more easily. Higher kinetic energy allows more fluid motion.
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In a gas, how does particle motion change when thermal energy is removed?
In a gas, how does particle motion change when thermal energy is removed?
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Particles slow down and collide less forcefully. Less energy means weaker impacts between particles.
Particles slow down and collide less forcefully. Less energy means weaker impacts between particles.
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What change in particle spacing is typically modeled when a substance is cooled?
What change in particle spacing is typically modeled when a substance is cooled?
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Average particle spacing decreases (contraction). Less motion allows particles to pack tighter.
Average particle spacing decreases (contraction). Less motion allows particles to pack tighter.
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Which state of matter has particles vibrating in place in a fixed arrangement?
Which state of matter has particles vibrating in place in a fixed arrangement?
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Solid. Particles can't translate, only vibrate in place.
Solid. Particles can't translate, only vibrate in place.
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Which state of matter is best modeled as particles far apart and moving freely in all directions?
Which state of matter is best modeled as particles far apart and moving freely in all directions?
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Gas. Particles have maximum freedom and separation.
Gas. Particles have maximum freedom and separation.
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What particle-model change represents melting when thermal energy is added to a solid?
What particle-model change represents melting when thermal energy is added to a solid?
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Particles break from fixed positions and begin sliding past each other. Energy overcomes forces holding particles in place.
Particles break from fixed positions and begin sliding past each other. Energy overcomes forces holding particles in place.
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What particle-model change represents freezing when thermal energy is removed from a liquid?
What particle-model change represents freezing when thermal energy is removed from a liquid?
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Particles slow and lock into a fixed, ordered arrangement. Lost energy allows attractive forces to dominate.
Particles slow and lock into a fixed, ordered arrangement. Lost energy allows attractive forces to dominate.
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What particle-model change represents evaporation when thermal energy is added to a liquid?
What particle-model change represents evaporation when thermal energy is added to a liquid?
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Some particles gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. High-energy particles overcome liquid's surface tension.
Some particles gain enough energy to escape into the gas phase. High-energy particles overcome liquid's surface tension.
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What particle-model change represents condensation when thermal energy is removed from a gas?
What particle-model change represents condensation when thermal energy is removed from a gas?
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Particles lose energy, move closer, and form a liquid. Attractive forces overcome reduced kinetic energy.
Particles lose energy, move closer, and form a liquid. Attractive forces overcome reduced kinetic energy.
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Which option best models heating: A) slower motion B) faster motion C) no motion change?
Which option best models heating: A) slower motion B) faster motion C) no motion change?
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B) faster motion. Heat always increases particle kinetic energy.
B) faster motion. Heat always increases particle kinetic energy.
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Identify the correct model for cooling a solid: A) faster vibration B) slower vibration C) particles spread out more.
Identify the correct model for cooling a solid: A) faster vibration B) slower vibration C) particles spread out more.
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B) slower vibration. Cooling reduces kinetic energy and vibration speed.
B) slower vibration. Cooling reduces kinetic energy and vibration speed.
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Which particle diagram feature best indicates higher temperature: longer arrows or shorter arrows?
Which particle diagram feature best indicates higher temperature: longer arrows or shorter arrows?
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Longer arrows. Arrow length represents particle speed/energy.
Longer arrows. Arrow length represents particle speed/energy.
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A sealed container of gas is heated. In the particle model, what happens to collision force with the walls?
A sealed container of gas is heated. In the particle model, what happens to collision force with the walls?
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It increases because particles move faster. Faster particles hit walls harder and more often.
It increases because particles move faster. Faster particles hit walls harder and more often.
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Choose the correct particle spacing change for heating: A) closer together B) farther apart C) unchanged always.
Choose the correct particle spacing change for heating: A) closer together B) farther apart C) unchanged always.
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B) farther apart. Thermal expansion occurs when particles gain energy.
B) farther apart. Thermal expansion occurs when particles gain energy.
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What happens to the average kinetic energy of particles when thermal energy is added?
What happens to the average kinetic energy of particles when thermal energy is added?
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It increases. Adding thermal energy makes particles move faster, increasing their kinetic energy.
It increases. Adding thermal energy makes particles move faster, increasing their kinetic energy.
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What is thermal energy in the particle model?
What is thermal energy in the particle model?
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Energy related to particle motion and particle interactions. Thermal energy includes both motion (kinetic) and forces between particles (potential).
Energy related to particle motion and particle interactions. Thermal energy includes both motion (kinetic) and forces between particles (potential).
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What happens to the average speed of particles when thermal energy is removed?
What happens to the average speed of particles when thermal energy is removed?
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It decreases. Removing thermal energy slows particle motion, reducing average speed.
It decreases. Removing thermal energy slows particle motion, reducing average speed.
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Which type of energy is directly related to particle speed: kinetic energy or potential energy?
Which type of energy is directly related to particle speed: kinetic energy or potential energy?
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Kinetic energy. Kinetic energy equals $ rac{1}{2}mv^2$, directly dependent on particle speed.
Kinetic energy. Kinetic energy equals $ rac{1}{2}mv^2$, directly dependent on particle speed.
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Identify the state of matter with particles vibrating in fixed positions: solid, liquid, or gas.
Identify the state of matter with particles vibrating in fixed positions: solid, liquid, or gas.
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Solid. Strong attractions keep particles locked in place, only allowing vibration.
Solid. Strong attractions keep particles locked in place, only allowing vibration.
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