Although all of these words are clearly related to being angry, they do not indicate the state of anger to the same degree. The group of related words are similar in that they indicate states of extreme anger. Likely you know “raging” and “furious.” Irate comes from the Latin word for anger, and the English word “ire” (meaning “anger) is related. The word “incensed” does not necessarily pertain to odorous smoke-producing material (“incense”). When used as an adjective like this, it means “very angry.” The word is related to “incendiary” meaning either provocative, causing conflicts, or something that is intended to aid in creating fires. Incendiary remarks are meant to “set people ablaze” with anger.

While all of these words indicate something negative, bad, or difficult, they do not do so to the same degree. All of the words are all relatively familiar, so you should not have a vocabulary issue. What is necessary is to know that the word “severe” means “very intense,” almost always implying that it is something that is intensely bad. This is a much stronger sense of trouble / badness than the other options and thus is differentiated from them.

Note that all of the wrong options indicate the state of being famous or well known. The word “eminent” means “famous” and is related to “eminence,” which does not merely indicate fame but likewise is used to describe a location that rises above its surrounding area. Although “celebrated” might seem to be different (implying some sort of celebration), it actually means “renowned,” that is, “well known.” The word “paltry” greatly differs from all of these other options, for it means “meager or trivial.”

Each of these words are adjectives, so we can't make a distinction based on the part of speech. "Elderly," "juvenile," "youthful," and "senior" all describe age. "Glorious" is a synonym for "wonderful," or "superb." "Glorious" does not describe age.

Note that all of the related words indicate evaluations that something is acceptable or adequate. While these are all positive judgments, none of them are as strong as “perfect.” Even something that is “proper” is merely something that is “fitting.” (For example: “This is the proper time,” means, “This is the appropriate or correct time”). Something is (for example) “an able substitute” when it is fitting or good, though not necessarily perfect. (Note this is not a negative judgment, just merely not a glowing judgment of perfection). The word “perfect” is much stronger than any of these other words.

Each of the four related words indicate something that is veiled, mysterious, or unknown. Something is cryptic when it is obscure and hidden. A cryptographer is someone who encodes (hence hides) messages in coded language. A “cryptic saying” is one that has a hidden meaning that is difficult to discern. An enigma is something that is puzzling, and “enigmatic” is the adjective form of that. “Arcane” matters are ones that are only understood by a few people because of their mysterious or secret nature. In comparison with all of these words, “apparent” is quite different, meaning “obvious or clearly understandable.”

A “fragment” of something is a piece of it, as when someone talks about a “fragment of pottery,” meaning a single shard or piece of pottery. The word “fragmentary” means “in pieces or incomplete.” It is related to “fracture,” meaning “to break.” (The “-ct-” and “-g-” sounds are similar and sometimes become interchanged in languages). The other options all imply some kind of completeness. To be “comprehensive” is to be “all encompassing” or “including all aspects.” Something “inclusive” contains all aspects of a given thing (all aspects of a trip, all members of a society, and so forth). An exhaustive list is one that has all the pertinent items on it—it considers all aspects of the question or matter. Something that is thorough is complete, dealing with every detail.

All of these words pertain to the process of something in the process of undergoing changes but not all to the same degree. Clearly “changing” and “altering” are related and have the same general sense. To “revise” something is to reconsider it and alter it after the process of looking into more details. (The word literally means “to look at again.” The “-vise” portion is taken from the same roots as “vision”). Likewise, “modify” has this same general sense, being very close to “alter.” The word “dynamic,” while indicating a state of changing activity implies that such changes constantly are happening, often with much energy. This is a more forceful option than the others, thus fitting less with the group.

All five words can be used to describe a person. "Beautiful," however, is generally used to describe a person's physical appearance. "Deranged," "curious," "brilliant," and "methodical" are generally used to describe a person's personality or state of mind.

The set of related words all have to do with some level of interiority or privacy. The word “mental” can be included here because it indicates things that are kept “in the mind” in contrast to things that have been expressed. Likewise, something “personal” can be contrasted to something “public,” as when we say, “That is a personal matter and not appropriate for public discussion.” The word “communicated” expresses some degree of being “external” that is different from all of these other words.