Macromolecules - Biology
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Which of the following is the correct name for the subunits that make up DNA?
Which of the following is the correct name for the subunits that make up DNA?
DNA is composed of three key components. The backbone of the molecule is made of deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups. The coding region of DNA is composed of the nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
A single subunit of DNA is composed of one deoxyribose, one phosphate, and one nitrogenous base. This subunit is called a nucleotide.
A nucleoside is a nucleotide without a phosphate group: only a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base.
Amino acids are the subunit for proteins, and are not found in DNA.
DNA is composed of three key components. The backbone of the molecule is made of deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups. The coding region of DNA is composed of the nitrogenous bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
A single subunit of DNA is composed of one deoxyribose, one phosphate, and one nitrogenous base. This subunit is called a nucleotide.
A nucleoside is a nucleotide without a phosphate group: only a deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogenous base.
Amino acids are the subunit for proteins, and are not found in DNA.
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Which macromolecule is polymerized using peptide bonds?
Which macromolecule is polymerized using peptide bonds?
Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids are linked by phosphodiester bonds and polysaccharides are held together by glycosidic linkages. Lipid polymers are linked by simple covalent bonds.
Proteins are composed of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids are linked by phosphodiester bonds and polysaccharides are held together by glycosidic linkages. Lipid polymers are linked by simple covalent bonds.
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Which of the following base pairs would never be seen in a healthy double helix of a nucleic acid?
Which of the following base pairs would never be seen in a healthy double helix of a nucleic acid?
In DNA, guanine will always pair with cytosine (C-G) and adenine will always pair with thymine (A-T). In RNA, thymine is replaced with the pyrimidine uracil, meaning that adenine will pair with uracil in RNA (A-U). Guanine and uracil will never be paired together.
In DNA, guanine will always pair with cytosine (C-G) and adenine will always pair with thymine (A-T). In RNA, thymine is replaced with the pyrimidine uracil, meaning that adenine will pair with uracil in RNA (A-U). Guanine and uracil will never be paired together.
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Which of the following can be found in proteins?
Which of the following can be found in proteins?
Proteins are made up of a string of amino acids. Ribosomes are responsible for facilitating the formation of covalent peptide bonds between amino acids to build the polypeptide chain. Proteins called chaperones then help fold the protein into the proper shape.
Nucleotides are found in DNA and ribonucleotides are found in RNA. Nucleosomes are small regions of DNA that are tightly wound around histone proteins. Phosphates are functional groups made of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms. Phosphates are found in numerous molecules, including DNA, RNA, and phospholipids in the cell membrane, but are not generally found in proteins.
Proteins are made up of a string of amino acids. Ribosomes are responsible for facilitating the formation of covalent peptide bonds between amino acids to build the polypeptide chain. Proteins called chaperones then help fold the protein into the proper shape.
Nucleotides are found in DNA and ribonucleotides are found in RNA. Nucleosomes are small regions of DNA that are tightly wound around histone proteins. Phosphates are functional groups made of one phosphorus atom and four oxygen atoms. Phosphates are found in numerous molecules, including DNA, RNA, and phospholipids in the cell membrane, but are not generally found in proteins.
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A membrane pump transports ions against their concentration gradient. The pump most likely uses what type of cellular energy source?
A membrane pump transports ions against their concentration gradient. The pump most likely uses what type of cellular energy source?
The question states that the pump transports ions against their concentration gradient. This means that this pump must use active transport. Recall that active transport requires energy in the form of ATP. ATP, or adenine triphosphate, is a type of nucleotide because it contains a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and phosphate groups.
Lipids and carbohydrates (such as glucose) are the energy source for the body; however, these macromolecules themselves do not provide energy for cellular processes. They undergo metabolism and generate ATP, the molecule used by cellular processes that require energy.
The question states that the pump transports ions against their concentration gradient. This means that this pump must use active transport. Recall that active transport requires energy in the form of ATP. ATP, or adenine triphosphate, is a type of nucleotide because it contains a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and phosphate groups.
Lipids and carbohydrates (such as glucose) are the energy source for the body; however, these macromolecules themselves do not provide energy for cellular processes. They undergo metabolism and generate ATP, the molecule used by cellular processes that require energy.
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In which level of protein structure are the 
helices and 
pleated sheets found?
In which level of protein structure are the
Primary protein structure is the sequence of the amino acids, linked by peptide bonds. Secondary protein structure involves 
helices and 
pleated sheets formed by hydrogen bonds between backbone amino and carboxyl groups. Tertiary protein structure involves electrostatic interactions between the R groups of the amino acids in the polypeptide. The tertiary structure of a protein may be globular or filamentous, and may include disulfide bonds and/or salt bridges. Quaternary protein structure involves interactions between two or more polypeptide chains.
Primary protein structure is the sequence of the amino acids, linked by peptide bonds. Secondary protein structure involves
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Enzymes belong to which macromolecule-building block pair?
Enzymes belong to which macromolecule-building block pair?
Enzymes are polypeptides. Polypeptides are created from proteins/amino acids. They contain a nitrogen, and have a nitrogen-carbon-carbon 
backbone.
Carbohydrates are referred to as polysaccharides when they form large molecules. They function as energy storage, and are responsible for the structure of plant cell walls. They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids in large molecules make up fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids. They provide membrane structure, energy storage, and insulation. They are also made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and contain numerous carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made of chains of nucleotides, bound together by phosphodiester bonds.
Enzymes are polypeptides. Polypeptides are created from proteins/amino acids. They contain a nitrogen, and have a nitrogen-carbon-carbon
Carbohydrates are referred to as polysaccharides when they form large molecules. They function as energy storage, and are responsible for the structure of plant cell walls. They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Lipids in large molecules make up fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids. They provide membrane structure, energy storage, and insulation. They are also made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and contain numerous carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are made of chains of nucleotides, bound together by phosphodiester bonds.
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Which of the following is responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of different amino acids?
Which of the following is responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of different amino acids?
All amino acids have a carboxyl end, and an amino end, both of which contain the same respective atoms. The main differences in amino acids come from the different side chains contained by each amino acid.
All amino acids have a carboxyl end, and an amino end, both of which contain the same respective atoms. The main differences in amino acids come from the different side chains contained by each amino acid.
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The group is exposed at the N terminus end of a protein, while the group is exposed at the C terminus.
The group is exposed at the N terminus end of a protein, while the group is exposed at the C terminus.
The N terminus is the end of the protein with the amino group—
—exposed, and the C terminus is the end of the protein with the carboxyl group—
—exposed.
The N terminus is the end of the protein with the amino group—
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Which of the following is not a function of a protein?
Which of the following is not a function of a protein?
Proteins have six main functions: 1) movement (e.g. actin and myosin), 2) structure (e.g. keratin), 3) transport (e.g. hemoglobin), 4) protection (e.g. antibodies), 5) communication (e.g. hormones), 6) and catalyzation of chemical reactions (e.g. enzymes).
Proteins have six main functions: 1) movement (e.g. actin and myosin), 2) structure (e.g. keratin), 3) transport (e.g. hemoglobin), 4) protection (e.g. antibodies), 5) communication (e.g. hormones), 6) and catalyzation of chemical reactions (e.g. enzymes).
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Which of the following does not contribute to amino acid structure?
Which of the following does not contribute to amino acid structure?
The structure of a given amino acid consists of an alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and a R-side group. R-side groups can have a variety of characteristics. They can be non-polar, polar, acidic, or basic. Amino acids can bond together through a peptide bond via dehydration synthesis—the loss of a single oxygen from one amino acid’s carboxyl group and two hydrogens from the other amino acid’s amine group.
Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids formed by this process. Glycerol is a component of a phospholipid.
The structure of a given amino acid consists of an alpha carbon, amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen, and a R-side group. R-side groups can have a variety of characteristics. They can be non-polar, polar, acidic, or basic. Amino acids can bond together through a peptide bond via dehydration synthesis—the loss of a single oxygen from one amino acid’s carboxyl group and two hydrogens from the other amino acid’s amine group.
Polypeptides are polymers of amino acids formed by this process. Glycerol is a component of a phospholipid.
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A disulfide bridge between two cysteine molecules is an example of which structural level of peptide bonds?
A disulfide bridge between two cysteine molecules is an example of which structural level of peptide bonds?
The cysteine-cysteine disulfide bond is an example of a tertiary bond. Tertiary bonds are bonds between R-side groups. Other examples include non-polar associated bonds, polar associations with a polar aqueous environment, and ionic bonds. Primary level bonds are described as the sequence of amino acids. Secondary bonds consist of local folding due to bonds between an oxygen on a carboxyl group with a hydrogen from an amino group. This bonding includes alpha helixes and beta sheets. Quaternary bonds are defined as the association between polypeptides.
The cysteine-cysteine disulfide bond is an example of a tertiary bond. Tertiary bonds are bonds between R-side groups. Other examples include non-polar associated bonds, polar associations with a polar aqueous environment, and ionic bonds. Primary level bonds are described as the sequence of amino acids. Secondary bonds consist of local folding due to bonds between an oxygen on a carboxyl group with a hydrogen from an amino group. This bonding includes alpha helixes and beta sheets. Quaternary bonds are defined as the association between polypeptides.
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Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are examples of what level of structure in proteins?
Alpha helices and beta pleated sheets are examples of what level of structure in proteins?
All proteins have at least a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure, but only some, such as hemoglobin, have a quaternary structure. Secondary structures are determined by hydrogen bonding between different amino acids in the polypeptide chain that form the primary structure. There may be multiple and different secondary structures in a single protein.
All proteins have at least a primary, secondary, and tertiary structure, but only some, such as hemoglobin, have a quaternary structure. Secondary structures are determined by hydrogen bonding between different amino acids in the polypeptide chain that form the primary structure. There may be multiple and different secondary structures in a single protein.
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What is the basic subunit of a protein?
What is the basic subunit of a protein?
Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins. Nucleotides link together to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Monosaccharides are sugars that form links to form carbohydrates. Fatty acids attach to a glycerol backbone to form lipids, except those that are derived from cholesterol.
Amino acids link together by peptide bonds to form proteins. Nucleotides link together to form nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Monosaccharides are sugars that form links to form carbohydrates. Fatty acids attach to a glycerol backbone to form lipids, except those that are derived from cholesterol.
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Which of the following elements is not found in amino acids?
Which of the following elements is not found in amino acids?
Phosphorous is found in nucleotides, but not amino acids. In certain reactions, proteins can be modified by kinases to contain phosphate groups. Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups onto substrates. They function in signal transduction pathways.
There are only a few residues (amino acids in proteins) which can be phosphorylated: Serine, threonine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine, and lysine.
Phosphorous is found in nucleotides, but not amino acids. In certain reactions, proteins can be modified by kinases to contain phosphate groups. Kinases are enzymes that catalyze the transfer of phosphate groups onto substrates. They function in signal transduction pathways.
There are only a few residues (amino acids in proteins) which can be phosphorylated: Serine, threonine, tyrosine, histidine, arginine, and lysine.
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What is the reason for lipids requiring carrier proteins in order to be transported in the blood?
What is the reason for lipids requiring carrier proteins in order to be transported in the blood?
Unlike carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are mainly nonpolar molecules. As a result, they are unable to be dissolved in aqueous solutions, such as blood. This makes them require a lipoprotein in order to be transported through the bloodstream. Without these proteins, lipids would be insoluble in the blood and cause clots.
Unlike carbohydrates and proteins, lipids are mainly nonpolar molecules. As a result, they are unable to be dissolved in aqueous solutions, such as blood. This makes them require a lipoprotein in order to be transported through the bloodstream. Without these proteins, lipids would be insoluble in the blood and cause clots.
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Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. This means that they .
Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules. This means that they .
Amphipathic molecules have both polar and nonpolar sections. For phospholipids, the phosphate region carries a negative charge, making it polar, while the lipid tail is a nonpolar hydrocarbon. Being amphipathic is a key characteristic that allows phospholipids to form the plasma membrane. The polar ends are able to face the aqueous environment while the nonpolar ends are faced towards each other. This creates an effective nonpolar barrier around the cell, while still remaining stable by having polar regions facing the aqueous environments.
Amphipathic molecules have both polar and nonpolar sections. For phospholipids, the phosphate region carries a negative charge, making it polar, while the lipid tail is a nonpolar hydrocarbon. Being amphipathic is a key characteristic that allows phospholipids to form the plasma membrane. The polar ends are able to face the aqueous environment while the nonpolar ends are faced towards each other. This creates an effective nonpolar barrier around the cell, while still remaining stable by having polar regions facing the aqueous environments.
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Which carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
Which carbohydrate cannot be digested by humans?
Cellulose is a polysaccharide in which the monomers are linked by a beta linkage. This linkage requires a specialized enzyme that is not found in human beings. As a result, humans cannot break down cellulose.
Glycogen is used to store glucose in the body, and can be broken down to release energy. Starch is used to store glucose in plants, but can also be broken down by humans. Amylose is a component of starch.
Cellulose is a polysaccharide in which the monomers are linked by a beta linkage. This linkage requires a specialized enzyme that is not found in human beings. As a result, humans cannot break down cellulose.
Glycogen is used to store glucose in the body, and can be broken down to release energy. Starch is used to store glucose in plants, but can also be broken down by humans. Amylose is a component of starch.
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Which of the following classes of molecules produces the most energy per gram?
Which of the following classes of molecules produces the most energy per gram?
There are four classes of biological molecules: fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Of these, fats produce the most energy per gram at a whopping nine calories per gram. Carbohydrates and proteins produce less than half of this, at only four calories per gram.
There are four classes of biological molecules: fats, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids. Of these, fats produce the most energy per gram at a whopping nine calories per gram. Carbohydrates and proteins produce less than half of this, at only four calories per gram.
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Which of the following is not a type of fat in the body?
Which of the following is not a type of fat in the body?
Lipids, or fats, are formed from hydrocarbon chains. The carbon atoms link together and bond to hydrogen to fill their orbitals. When all the bonds in the molecule are single bonds, the lipid is saturated. There is no such thing as a "di-saturated fat."
When there is a single double bond in the chain, the lipid is mono-unsaturated. When there are multiple double bonds in the chain, the lipid is unsaturated. Trans fats have a double bond with the adjacent hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the carbon chain, maintaining a linear structure.
Most fats in the body are triglycerides. Their primary function is long-term energy storage.
Lipids, or fats, are formed from hydrocarbon chains. The carbon atoms link together and bond to hydrogen to fill their orbitals. When all the bonds in the molecule are single bonds, the lipid is saturated. There is no such thing as a "di-saturated fat."
When there is a single double bond in the chain, the lipid is mono-unsaturated. When there are multiple double bonds in the chain, the lipid is unsaturated. Trans fats have a double bond with the adjacent hydrogen atoms on opposite sides of the carbon chain, maintaining a linear structure.
Most fats in the body are triglycerides. Their primary function is long-term energy storage.
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