U.S. Social History from 1899 to the Present - AP U.S. History

The Just Say No campaign was a reaction to the growth of drug use and the emergence (into public knowledge) of sexually transmitted diseases—most notably HIV—in the 1980s and 1990s. It aimed to prevent young people from experimenting with drugs or engaging in unprotected sex. The campaign was created and championed by First Lady Nancy Reagan.

The Supreme Court case of Muller v. Oregon upheld the state law of Oregon to limit the number of hours women could work, in order to protect their health. In the majority verdict the court stated that the physical well-being of women was an object of public interest, in order that the strength and vigor of the American people should be sustained.

The Magna Carta is a famous document from English history, written in 1215. It helped ensure limited democratic participation for a collection of prominent English barons against the tyrannical rule of King John. It is often hailed as one of the earliest assurances of democratic process in western history; however, it applied only to a very slim percentage of the population—only the highest of the upper classes. When Samuel Gompers called the Clayton Anti-Trust Act “the working man’s Magna Carta” he was echoing a commonly held belief that, after the passage of the Act, the working man was finally as free and enfranchised as the wealthy class. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act was designed to ensure fair competition in the workplace and marketplace, along with competitive wages and benefits for the working class. Whether or not it achieved this in practice is up for debate, as many businesses fused into a single corporations and were able to derive the benefits of a cartel in a legal fashion. What is certain, however, is that the Clayton Anti-Trust Act was a significant event in the correcting of social and economic injustices in early twentieth-century America.

Marcus Garvey was a prominent member of the movement to advance the status of blacks in America, and indeed the world. He believed strongly in Black Nationalism and advocated for the return of America’s black population to Africa, as well as the removal of European colonial influence on that continent. Garvey was a controversial figure throughout his political life—he staunchly opposed W.E.B. Dubois and the NAACP, once meeting with the leader of the Ku Klux Klan: calling the Klan’s racism the most honest form of white supremacy.

MLK was a supporter of civil disobedience and acts of nonviolence to bring about change. He is advocating assembling nonviolently to gain rights. Dr. King's fundamental argument expressed in this passage, was that to disobey and unjust and inhumane law was not to be socially disruptive, but socially progressive.

The Bonus Army is the popular name given to a group of veterans who marched to Washington in 1932 to protest the fact that they could not cash many of their service certificates until 1945. Following World War One, a cash-strapped United States government had issued certificates in lieu of payment. Many veterans were out of work or suffering deeply during the Great Depression, and the idea that they had been deprived of payment was enough to motivate a march upon the capital. They were forcibly evicted without having their demands met.

Television was first invented in the 1920s, but the technology to manufacture televisions and broadcast programming were extremely costly. Radio remained the premier form of home entertainment through World War II. In the post-war economic boom, however, more and more American families were able to acquire televsions and stations appeared all over the country. By the middle of the 1950s, television was the most popular form of home entertainment in America.

The Harlem Renaissance peaked in the 1920s as a result of the freedoms for African Americans offered by the North. As many African Americans moved from the Jim Crow laws of the south, they pushed for tangible goals and a more positive image. The Cotton Club, the most most famous of nightclubs, was a home of many of these musicians, but still only offered whites admittance. The flappers followed this incredible influx of music and art, as did the rise of organized crime and the Black Sox Scandal of 1919.

The Immigration Acts of 1924 included several provisions to restrict the immigration of people from certain parts of the world. Those from East Asia, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent were forbidden entirely from moving to the United States. People from Eastern and Southern Europe found their ability to settle in the United States heavily curtailed by the National Origins Act. The Act was passed largely to restrict the arrival of Jews from countries where they faced persecution, such as Poland and Russia. The National Origins Act overturned the earlier Immigration Restriction Act of 1921, which had set the cap at three percent. The Act remained in effect until 1965, when it was overturned by the Immigration and Nationality Act.

Post-war and 1950s America is most commonly characterized as a time of massive population growth and economic prosperity. Americans returning from World War II were assisted back into society by the G.I. Bill, which provided for the higher education of veterans. Many American families that had been set back by the outbreak of war made up for lost time and the “baby boom” precipitated massive population growth over the next fifteen years. The “baby boom” in turn then encouraged the growth of consumerism which maintained economic prosperity even in the face of a rapidly advancing Social Security program. Political reforms were existent in the post-war years, as they are in all eras, but the major reforming movements would come into existence in the 1960s as the generation of “Baby Boomers” began to battle the established social and political norms.

The Civil Rights Movement, led most notably by Martin Luther King, Jr., was a nonviolent movement that sought to end the Jim Crow style discrimination against African Americans throughout the country, mostly in the South. The movement was largely organized by ministers and found much support from the organization of black churches. Additionally, leaders encouraged civil rights lawyers, like Thurgood Marshall, to advance court cases that would end discriminatory laws and practices, such as segregation in schools, public transportation, and housing. Mass demonstrations, such as the March on Washington in 1963 and the Freedom March from Selma to Montgomery in Alabama, brought widespread attention to the cause.

The term “Second Reconstruction” is used to refer to the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s. What is implicitly implied is that the first period of Reconstruction failed to achieve the proper emancipation and status of Blacks in America; therefore a “Second” Reconstruction was required in order to align society correctly. The rulings of the Warren Court were crucial to the Civil Rights Movement; however that answer is significantly less inclusive.

The Keating-Owen Act was a series of reforms aimed at ending the use and abuse of child labor in American industrial practices. The act was passed by Congress in 1916 but rendered unconstitutional by the Supreme Court only two years later. The specific nature of the bill stated that goods produced in a factory or mine worked by children under fourteen years of age could not be sold in interstate trade. The Supreme Court overturned it on the grounds that it exceeded the federal government’s power to regulate interstate commerce; however, it represented an important beginning to the end of child labor abuses in America.

The Great Migration generally refers to the period of time, in the first half of the twentieth century, when African-Americans migrated from the South to the North en masse. They were searching for greater social equality and job opportunities. By the end of the twentieth century, African-Americans were a distinctly urbanized community, with close to 90% of the population living in cities.

Charles Schenck was the Secretary of the Socialist Part of America during World War One. He argued passionately that the young men being drafted to fight in the “Imperialist, European war” owed it to themselves and to the principles of the United States to resist the draft and the involuntary servitude it required. Schenck was indicted under the Espionage Act of 1917 and took his case to the Supreme Court. Schenck believed that his First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and press were being infringed upon by the Espionage Act; however, the Supreme Court ruled against him. The Court's majority verdict maintained that during times of war an individual did not have the right to speak out against military service or the draft.

Margaret Sanger was a prominent feminist who pushed adamantly for the use of birth control and contraception in the first decades of the twentieth century. At the time it was generally held that women did not have the right to intercourse with the assurance that they might not get pregnant. Sanger worked as a nurse for several years and observed the trauma and hardship that unwanted pregnancies brought upon single and poor women, especially in inner cities. She distributed diaphrams freely to women and was tried and convicted for the practice. Her case attracted wide publicity and helped push forward a movement to change the law in 1918. Sanger founded the first American family planning and birth control clinic in Brooklyn, in 1916, and established the American Birth Control League in 1921.

Rosie the Riveter was an important cultural icon during World War Two. It was the term used to describe the American women who were replacing male workers in factories across the United States. The work of these women was vital to the war effort—they produced munitions and supplies. The effect of women entering the workplace in large numbers has been very significant for the growth of sexual equality in the United States and across the Western world.

In response to a rise in racist driven violence against African-Americans in the South and new factory employment opportunities in the North, large numbers of African-Americans left rural areas in the South for the urban areas of the North. This mass movement of people was one of the largest in American history. The "Great Migration" also drastically changed demographic patterns throughout the country from 1910-1960.

The Roe v. Wade case was argued by both sides with Fourteenth Amendment arguments regarding the rights of persons. Jane Roe (a psuedonym) had wanted an abortion, which was illegal in Texas at the time, and sued the state when she was unable to have one. In a surprising 7–2 decision, the Supreme Court found a implicit right to privacy in both the Ninth and Fourteenth Amendment's guarantee of a person's right. The decision made abortion in the first six months of pregnancy a guaranteed right that needed to be analyzed under strict scrutiny.

The Red Scare and the age of McCarthyism were both time periods during the United States in which American sentiment was extremely strong and powerful, and those who expressed anti-American views, or pro-Communism views, were chastised and criticized for being unpatriotic.