Biological level of analysis

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AP Psychology › Biological level of analysis

Questions 1 - 4
1

Studies on gender differences in learning have demonstrated that discrepancies in learning between men and women can be attributed to which of the following factors?

All of these

Familiarity with the material to-be-learned

Stereotypical gender expectations

Biological variations in hormones

None of these

Explanation

Research about learning differences between men and women is mixed, and there does not appear to be conclusive evidence of any inherent biological differences. Most studies seem to indicate that when differences are found, they can be explained by the level of familiarity the individuals have with the subject to be learned or by stereotypical expectations about gender. Although hormones may not affect overall intellect, hormone levels can impact performance at a given point in time and impact learning.

2

__________ receive messages from other neurons. Sufficient levels of stimulation trigger the cell’s own __________, sending an electrical current down the __________ to the cell’s __________, which join with yet more cells.

Dendrites. . . action potential. . . axon. . . terminal buttons

Axons. . . signal. . . myelin sheath. . . terminal buttons

Neurotransmitters. . . signal. . . myelin sheath. . . dendrites

Dendrites. . . neurotransmitter. . . axon. . . nerve ending

Neurotransmitter. . . action potential. . . signal. . . terminal buttons

Explanation

Nerve cells, or neurons, have a basic tree-like structure, which allows them to communicate with other nerve cells. Branch-like dendrites extend from the cell body (i.e. soma) and receive electrochemical signals from other cells. The long, thin axon endings—terminal buttons—extend from the other end of the soma. If the positively-charged signals received into the cell from the dendrites exceed the cell’s normally negative charge, then the axon allows the excess positive ions to travel down it to the terminal buttons, which in turn send neurotransmitters into the gap (i.e. synapse) between them and other cell’s dendrites. The myelin sheath does not itself relay signals, but rather is a natural lipid insulation on the axons of some cells.

3

__________ receive messages from other neurons. Sufficient levels of stimulation trigger the cell’s own __________, sending an electrical current down the __________ to the cell’s __________, which join with yet more cells.

Dendrites. . . action potential. . . axon. . . terminal buttons

Axons. . . signal. . . myelin sheath. . . terminal buttons

Neurotransmitters. . . signal. . . myelin sheath. . . dendrites

Dendrites. . . neurotransmitter. . . axon. . . nerve ending

Neurotransmitter. . . action potential. . . signal. . . terminal buttons

Explanation

Nerve cells, or neurons, have a basic tree-like structure, which allows them to communicate with other nerve cells. Branch-like dendrites extend from the cell body (i.e. soma) and receive electrochemical signals from other cells. The long, thin axon endings—terminal buttons—extend from the other end of the soma. If the positively-charged signals received into the cell from the dendrites exceed the cell’s normally negative charge, then the axon allows the excess positive ions to travel down it to the terminal buttons, which in turn send neurotransmitters into the gap (i.e. synapse) between them and other cell’s dendrites. The myelin sheath does not itself relay signals, but rather is a natural lipid insulation on the axons of some cells.

4

Studies on gender differences in learning have demonstrated that discrepancies in learning between men and women can be attributed to which of the following factors?

All of these

Familiarity with the material to-be-learned

Stereotypical gender expectations

Biological variations in hormones

None of these

Explanation

Research about learning differences between men and women is mixed, and there does not appear to be conclusive evidence of any inherent biological differences. Most studies seem to indicate that when differences are found, they can be explained by the level of familiarity the individuals have with the subject to be learned or by stereotypical expectations about gender. Although hormones may not affect overall intellect, hormone levels can impact performance at a given point in time and impact learning.

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