Classical Conditioning - AP Psychology

Cognitive processes influence how associations are formed and interpreted. Expectations and attention affect how associations are formed and maintained.

The diminishing of a conditioned response when the CS is no longer paired with the US. Without reinforcement, the learned association weakens over time.

It can be used to extinguish phobias through systematic desensitization. Gradual exposure to feared stimuli can reduce conditioned fear responses.

Neutral stimulus. It has no initial effect on behavior before conditioning begins.

A learning process that involves associations between stimuli. This forms the foundation of Pavlovian learning theory.

Organisms are more easily conditioned to associate stimuli that are biologically relevant. Evolution favors associations that promote survival and reproduction.

Stimulus generalization. The CR extends to stimuli that share features with the original CS.

The CR gradually diminishes, leading to extinction. The CS-US association weakens without reinforcement from the US.

It shows that some associations are learned more readily than others due to survival value. It demonstrates biological preparedness for survival-relevant associations.

The phenomenon where prior exposure to a CS without the US makes later conditioning harder. Familiarity with the CS reduces its effectiveness in future conditioning.

Contingency refers to the predictability of the CS-US relationship affecting learning strength. Strong CS-US relationships produce more robust conditioned responses.

Learning occurs when the US is surprising or unexpected, altering predictions. Unexpected events drive learning by updating predictive associations.

Excitatory strengthens a CR, while inhibitory weakens or inhibits it. Excitatory increases response probability; inhibitory decreases it.

A new CS paired with an established CS does not elicit a CR if it provides no new information. Redundant cues that don't add predictive value aren't learned.

A learning process that involves associations between stimuli. This forms the foundation of Pavlovian learning theory.

Temporal contiguity refers to the closeness in time of the CS and US presentation. Closer timing between CS and US produces stronger conditioning effects.

An emotional reaction, such as fear, is conditioned to a previously neutral stimulus. Neutral stimuli become triggers for emotional states through repeated pairing.

Excitatory strengthens a CR, while inhibitory weakens or inhibits it. Excitatory increases response probability; inhibitory decreases it.

A new CS paired with an established CS does not elicit a CR if it provides no new information. Redundant cues that don't add predictive value aren't learned.

Learning occurs when the US is surprising or unexpected, altering predictions. Unexpected events drive learning by updating predictive associations.

It can be used to extinguish phobias through systematic desensitization. Gradual exposure to feared stimuli can reduce conditioned fear responses.

Contingency refers to the predictability of the CS-US relationship affecting learning strength. Strong CS-US relationships produce more robust conditioned responses.

The phenomenon where prior exposure to a CS without the US makes later conditioning harder. Familiarity with the CS reduces its effectiveness in future conditioning.

It suggests that conditioning depends on the predictive value of the CS. Learning occurs when events violate expectations about stimulus relationships.

It shows certain stimuli are more easily associated with others based on biological relevance. It shows that some stimulus combinations are biologically favored over others.

Acquisition. This is when the CS-US association is first established.

Neutral stimulus. It has no initial effect on behavior before conditioning begins.

The reappearance of a CR after a pause, following extinction. Shows that extinguished responses are not permanently erased from memory.

First-order involves a direct CS-US pairing; higher-order involves a CS-CS pairing. Higher-order uses an established CS rather than the original US.