Beliefs, Values, and Ideologies Practice Test

Based on the passage: Shinto beliefs center on kami, localized presences tied to places, ancestors, and natural features. Historically, shrine practices evolve alongside court rituals and later community institutions, while remaining flexible and non-dogmatic. In daily life, families visit shrines for hatsumōde (New Year’s prayers) and communities organize Matsuri, where portable shrines and shared labor reinforce neighborhood belonging. The text contrasts this with many Western congregational models that emphasize weekly sermons and formal creeds. Which example from the passage illustrates the impact of kami-centered ritual on Japanese society?

According to the text: Confucian filial piety (oya-kōkō) becomes influential through education and household norms, especially during the Tokugawa period, and it continues as an ethical expectation rather than a rigid law. The passage recounts an anecdote in which siblings rotate weekend visits, manage medical appointments, and speak respectfully in decisions about elder care, seeing these actions as identity-defining. It contrasts this with some Northern European welfare-state contexts where elder support is more institutionalized and less family-centered. What is the role of oya-kōkō in shaping personal identities in Japan?