Contextualizing 18th-Century States Practice Test

In the 1700s, European states differed sharply in how much political voice elites and commoners possessed. In some places, parliaments or estates constrained monarchs; elsewhere, rulers governed through appointed ministers and royal councils. Considering these contrasts, which pairing most accurately matches a state with relatively strong representative institutions to a state with more centralized monarchical authority?

By the late 1700s, European states confronted mounting pressures: expensive wars, unequal tax burdens, rising literacy, and Enlightenment critiques of privilege. In some monarchies, attempts to reform taxation and administration without expanding political representation intensified conflict between rulers and social elites. Which outcome most directly illustrates how these pressures could destabilize an 18th-century state?