Understanding Environmental Systems

Environmental systems are interconnected networks of living and nonliving things that work together to sustain life on Earth. These systems include the atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere.

Components of Ecosystems

• Producers: Plants and algae that capture energy from the sun.
• Consumers: Animals and insects that eat plants or other animals.
• Decomposers: Bacteria and fungi that break down dead material.

Flows of Matter and Energy

Energy enters ecosystems through sunlight, then moves up food chains and is eventually lost as heat. Matter, such as carbon and nitrogen, cycles through the system, supporting life at every level.

Importance of Balance

The health of an ecosystem depends on balance. Disruptions, like deforestation or pollution, can have far-reaching impacts.

Real-World Impact

When humans change one part of a system—like removing a predator—unexpected consequences can ripple through the environment.