A student submits the following editorial to the local newspaper. The intended audience is city residents who vote on a ballot measure to raise the monthly water bill by $4 to replace aging lead service lines.

Passage:

Look, if you vote “no” on replacing lead pipes, you’re basically saying you’re cool with neurotoxins in kids’ brains. The chemistry is not your opinion: lead ions interfere with synaptic function, and even low parts-per-billion exposure correlates with IQ loss. Our city’s distribution network is a 70-year-old patchwork of galvanized steel and lead goosenecks, and pretending “filters will solve it” is like putting a Band-Aid on a broken femur.

The ballot measure is $4 a month. That’s one fancy coffee. If $4 is what stands between you and safe water, then maybe you should rethink your priorities instead of whining on Facebook. Plus, the EPA’s updated Lead and Copper Rule is coming; compliance costs will hit us either way, so we might as well do it now and stop embarrassing ourselves.

And before anyone says “my house isn’t that old,” congratulations, but water doesn’t respect your property lines. It’s a shared system. If you want a city that attracts families and businesses, stop acting like replacing infrastructure is optional.

Question (Revision): Which revision would best adapt the argument to its intended audience without weakening the claim?

Read the student-written argumentative passage and answer the question.

The city should stop pretending that leaf blowers are harmless “yard tools” and finally restrict gas-powered blowers during early morning hours. People deserve to sleep without being subjected to a 7 a.m. noise assault that sounds like a jet engine trapped in a trash can. And it’s not only annoying—it’s pollution. Gas blowers emit a mix of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, and some models have emissions comparable to driving a car for dozens of miles. If we’re serious about air quality, we can’t ignore the small engines just because they’re small.

Opponents always say, “But landscapers need them.” Sure. And factories “need” smokestacks. Needing something doesn’t mean you get to impose it on everyone else at any hour. The city could set a reasonable window—say, no gas blowers before 9 a.m. and after 6 p.m.—and encourage electric alternatives by offering rebates.

Also, let’s be honest: blowers are often used to move leaves from one property to another, which is basically littering with extra steps. Rakes exist. Mulching exists. If your business model collapses without a two-stroke engine, that’s not the neighborhood’s problem.

We already regulate construction noise. We already regulate idling vehicles. A blower ordinance is consistent with those rules and would improve quality of life immediately.

Given the author’s goal of persuading a mixed audience at a city council hearing (residents and landscaping business owners), which aspect is least effective for that audience?

A student writes the following letter to the principal and PTA. The audience includes parents concerned about student health and a principal concerned about budgets. The issue is whether to remove sugary drinks from vending machines.

Passage:

Keeping sugary drinks in school vending machines is a choice, and it’s a bad one. We can pretend sports drinks are “hydration,” but they’re essentially glucose delivery systems with marketing. According to CDC guidance, added sugars should be limited, yet our hallways sell liquid candy between classes.

Some parents will say, “Let kids decide.” That sounds nice until you remember that adolescents are not fully developed decision-makers. Their reward pathways are hypersensitive, and companies exploit that with bright labels and “energy” branding. If we actually cared about student wellness, we’d stop acting like a vending machine is a constitutional right.

Also, the revenue argument is weak. If the school needs money, fundraise like everyone else instead of outsourcing nutrition to corporations. It’s embarrassing that we lecture students about health in PE and then sell them 20-ounce sugar bombs two doors down.

Question (Goal-effectiveness): Given the author’s goal of persuading parents and administrators, which aspect is least effective for the intended audience?

Read the student-written argumentative passage and answer the question.

Our town council is considering replacing two car lanes on Maple Avenue with a protected bike lane and wider sidewalks. Honestly, the opposition is acting like the laws of physics will collapse if someone pedals near a storefront. The data is not mysterious: cities that build protected lanes see fewer crashes and more foot traffic. According to a 2022 state DOT summary I found, protected bike lanes can reduce injury crashes by around 40% on comparable streets.

Right now Maple is a classic stroad—high speed, high conflict, low joy. Cars weave, people sprint across, and businesses wonder why customers don’t “linger.” It’s because the street is basically hostile architecture for anyone not inside a vehicle. If you want a vibrant downtown, you don’t design it like a mini-highway.

Some shop owners claim removing lanes will “kill business.” That’s a vibes-based argument. When parking is the only thing you can imagine customers wanting, you’re already admitting your place isn’t worth visiting. Plus, the proposal keeps on-street parking on both sides and adds loading zones. The real issue is that some drivers feel entitled to treat Maple like their personal speedway.

The council should approve the redesign, then measure results: crash rates, retail sales tax receipts, and pedestrian counts. If it doesn’t improve things, fine—adjust. But refusing to try because a few people hate change is how towns stagnate.

Which revision would best adapt the argument to an audience of local small-business owners who are worried about sales?

A student writes the following speech for a town hall where residents will discuss converting an empty lot into a public dog park. The audience includes dog owners, parents of young children, and nearby homeowners.

Passage:

Let’s stop acting like a dog park is some radical experiment. It’s literally a fenced rectangle. People who oppose it keep inventing worst-case scenarios like they’re writing a disaster movie: “What if dogs bark?” “What if there’s poop?” Yeah—welcome to Earth. The solution is not to keep the lot as an ugly dirt patch forever.

A dog park would increase neighborhood foot traffic, which improves informal surveillance and can reduce petty crime. It also gives owners a designated space so they’re not letting dogs run around playgrounds or sidewalks. If you’re worried about sanitation, install waste stations and enforce fines. Cities do this all the time.

And to homeowners worried about property values: please. A maintained park is better than a vacant lot that collects trash. If you don’t like seeing other people enjoy public space, maybe you should have moved to the middle of nowhere.

Question (Evaluation): Which rhetorical choice most limits the speaker’s effectiveness with this mixed audience?

A student writes the following op-ed for the school newspaper. The audience is the student body and administrators. The issue is whether the school should start at 8:45 a.m. instead of 7:30 a.m.

Passage:

Starting school at 7:30 a.m. is a relic, and keeping it is basically choosing tired students on purpose. Sleep science is clear: teenagers’ circadian rhythms shift later, so forcing early wake-ups creates chronic sleep debt. That’s not “being lazy”; it’s biology.

But every time this comes up, adults panic about buses like it’s the end of civilization. Yes, transportation is complicated. That’s not a reason to ignore student health. Districts that changed start times reported improved attendance and fewer first-period failures. If we can coordinate football schedules across counties, we can coordinate buses.

Honestly, if you’re an adult who says “I got up early and I survived,” congratulations on surviving the 1800s mindset. We should not run a modern school like a factory whistle.

Question (Goal-effectiveness): Given the author’s goal of persuading both students and administrators, which aspect is least effective for the intended audience?

A student posts the following argument on the community college’s online discussion board. The audience is other students and faculty considering whether to adopt an AI policy that requires students to disclose AI assistance on assignments.

Passage:

If you’re using AI and not disclosing it, you’re not “efficient”—you’re being dishonest. This isn’t complicated. Academic integrity is the minimum. The college should require a disclosure statement on every assignment, because otherwise we’re basically running an unproctored experiment in plagiarism.

Some people act like disclosure is “policing creativity.” Please. It’s metadata. You cite sources; you can cite tools. A simple line like “I used ChatGPT to generate an outline” creates transparency. Without that, instructors can’t evaluate learning, and students who do their own work get punished for being ethical.

And yes, I know some professors are behind on tech. That’s not an excuse to let everyone cheat. If you’re mad about disclosure, maybe you’re just mad you can’t get away with it anymore.

Question (Revision): Which revision would best adapt the argument to its intended audience?

A student writes the following letter to the city council. The audience is council members and residents concerned about traffic and safety. The proposal is to add protected bike lanes on a main road.

Passage:

Protected bike lanes are not a “luxury”; they’re basic safety infrastructure. Right now our main road is a high-speed mixing bowl where cars, bikes, and pedestrians all gamble with physics. If you’ve ever wondered why more people don’t bike, it’s because they don’t want to die.

The engineering is straightforward: physical barriers reduce conflict points and create predictable travel paths. Studies from multiple cities show that protected lanes lower crash rates and can even improve traffic flow by organizing turning movements. But every time this comes up, drivers act personally attacked, like a painted line is stealing their identity.

Yes, some parking will be removed. That’s the tradeoff. We can either prioritize storage for cars or prioritize human beings. If you’re furious about walking an extra half-block, that’s a you problem, not a transportation policy problem.

Question (Revision): Which revision would best adapt the argument to its intended audience?

A student writes the following speech for a community fundraiser committee. The audience is local adults deciding whether to sponsor a free summer reading program at the public library.

Passage:

If we don’t sponsor the summer reading program, we’re basically choosing ignorance. Summer learning loss is real, and pretending kids will “just read” without structure is naive. The library’s program includes weekly check-ins, book access, and small incentives that keep kids engaged.

But some people in this town act allergic to spending money unless it’s for a new sign or a fireworks show. The sponsorship is $2,500 total—less than what some of you spend on landscaping. And before anyone says “parents should handle it,” sure, in a perfect world. In the real world, many parents work two jobs, and not every home has books.

So let’s stop making excuses. If you’re an adult with resources and you won’t help fund literacy, don’t complain later when the community isn’t “educated enough” for your standards.

Question (Goal-effectiveness): Given the author’s goal of motivating adults to donate, which aspect is least effective for the intended audience?

Read the student-written argumentative passage and answer the question.

Our community college should offer more sections of online courses, not fewer. The whole point of a community college is access, and access includes time. Many students here work 30+ hours a week, have kids, or take care of relatives. Telling them to “just come to campus” is like telling them to magically delete responsibilities.

Some faculty argue that online classes reduce rigor. That’s not an argument; it’s a stereotype. Rigor is created by assignments, feedback, and expectations, not by the physical location of a chair. If anything, online courses can be more demanding because students have to manage their time without the structure of a classroom.

The college’s own enrollment report last semester showed that online sections filled 1.6 times faster than in-person sections in general education. That’s demand. And if the worry is student support, then build support: require an orientation module, expand tutoring hours, and standardize course shells so students aren’t hunting for due dates like it’s an escape room.

If we cut online options, we’re basically telling working students they don’t belong. That’s not “academic standards.” That’s gatekeeping.

Which revision would best adapt the argument to an audience of faculty members concerned about instructional quality?