Identify structure and purpose of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids - AP Biology
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How many fatty acid chains are contained in a typical molecule of "body fat?"
How many fatty acid chains are contained in a typical molecule of "body fat?"
Body fat, also known as triglycerides or triacylglycerols have three fatty acid chains. These hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, and they are each attached to the glycerol head, which is hydrophilic via ester linkages. Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that plays a structural and protective role, provides stored energy, and helps regulate body temperature.
Body fat, also known as triglycerides or triacylglycerols have three fatty acid chains. These hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic, and they are each attached to the glycerol head, which is hydrophilic via ester linkages. Adipose tissue is a type of connective tissue that plays a structural and protective role, provides stored energy, and helps regulate body temperature.
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A lipid with three fatty acids linked to glycerol is a .
A lipid with three fatty acids linked to glycerol is a .
A fat is a lipid with three fatty chains linked by an ester linkage to glycerol.
A fat is a lipid with three fatty chains linked by an ester linkage to glycerol.
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A chain of 4 to 28 carbons with a carboxyl group at one end is a .
A chain of 4 to 28 carbons with a carboxyl group at one end is a .
A fatty acid consists of a hydrocarbon chain (carbons bound to hydrogen), with even numbers of carbons from 4 to 28, and a carboxyl group at one end. A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids with their carboxyl end bound to glycerol via an ester bond.
A fatty acid consists of a hydrocarbon chain (carbons bound to hydrogen), with even numbers of carbons from 4 to 28, and a carboxyl group at one end. A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids with their carboxyl end bound to glycerol via an ester bond.
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A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group linked to glycerol is a .
A lipid that consists of two fatty acids and a phosphate group linked to glycerol is a .
A phospholipid has two fatty acid tails, which consist of hydrocarbons with even numbers of carbons ranging from 4 to 28, and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol head, which is hydrophilic. Monoglycerides contain only one fatty acid chain bound to a glycerol head, and triglycerides contain three fatty acid chains.
A phospholipid has two fatty acid tails, which consist of hydrocarbons with even numbers of carbons ranging from 4 to 28, and a phosphate group attached to a glycerol head, which is hydrophilic. Monoglycerides contain only one fatty acid chain bound to a glycerol head, and triglycerides contain three fatty acid chains.
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Which of the following is not an example of lipid(s)?
Which of the following is not an example of lipid(s)?
Monosaccharides such as fructose are carbohydrates not lipids. Waxes, steroid hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone, and triglycerides (fats) are composed mainly of hydrocarbons and are classified as lipids.
Monosaccharides such as fructose are carbohydrates not lipids. Waxes, steroid hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone, and triglycerides (fats) are composed mainly of hydrocarbons and are classified as lipids.
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Which of the following is not an example of lipid(s)?
Which of the following is not an example of lipid(s)?
Glycogen is a carbohydrate. It is a polysaccharide that animals use to store glucose when sugars are needed by the body for fuel. All other answer choices are lipids.
Glycogen is a carbohydrate. It is a polysaccharide that animals use to store glucose when sugars are needed by the body for fuel. All other answer choices are lipids.
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Chitin is what class of molecule?
Chitin is what class of molecule?
Chitin is a carbohydrate. Specifically, it is a polysaccharide used by arthopods to build exoskeletons, and is found in the cell walls of fungi. Waxes are types of lipids, and nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
Chitin is a carbohydrate. Specifically, it is a polysaccharide used by arthopods to build exoskeletons, and is found in the cell walls of fungi. Waxes are types of lipids, and nucleic acids are DNA and RNA.
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At which level of protein structure does the formation of disulfide bridges occur?
At which level of protein structure does the formation of disulfide bridges occur?
The formation of disulfide bridge occurs in the tertiary and/or quaternary level of protein structure. This involves two sulfur atoms sharing a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond, which enhances the integrity of the protein's structure. The amino acid that is involved in forming disulfide bridges is cysteine.
The formation of disulfide bridge occurs in the tertiary and/or quaternary level of protein structure. This involves two sulfur atoms sharing a lone pair of electrons to form a covalent bond, which enhances the integrity of the protein's structure. The amino acid that is involved in forming disulfide bridges is cysteine.
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A(n) fat contains no double bonds in the fatty acid chain.
A(n) fat contains no double bonds in the fatty acid chain.
A saturated fat contains no double bonds in its fatty acid chain. Just remember that saturated means the fat is saturated with hydrogens. Double bonds eliminate two hydrogen atoms per occurrence, and are present in unsaturated fats.
A saturated fat contains no double bonds in its fatty acid chain. Just remember that saturated means the fat is saturated with hydrogens. Double bonds eliminate two hydrogen atoms per occurrence, and are present in unsaturated fats.
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Which of the following statements about enzymes is false?
Which of the following statements about enzymes is false?
Enzymes are not changed or consumed by the reactions they catalyze, but can be altered by environmental conditions. They work in three-dimensional active sites to bind specific substrates and lower the activation of certain reactions, subsequently increasing the reaction rate. Reaction rate can be further increased when enzymes react with cofactors or coenzymes, but decreased when enzymes are blocked from their specified active sites by competitive inhibitors.
Enzymes are not changed or consumed by the reactions they catalyze, but can be altered by environmental conditions. They work in three-dimensional active sites to bind specific substrates and lower the activation of certain reactions, subsequently increasing the reaction rate. Reaction rate can be further increased when enzymes react with cofactors or coenzymes, but decreased when enzymes are blocked from their specified active sites by competitive inhibitors.
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Which of the following types of molecules has the most energy available per unit of carbon?
Which of the following types of molecules has the most energy available per unit of carbon?
Fats have an incredibly high potential to produce a lot of energy when broken down. This is because they are very saturated, which means they have a lot of bonded hydrogens. They also have a lot of carbon-carbon bonds, which have a lot of potential energy stored. When you break down a fat, especially one that has fourteen or more carbons in the chain, you release the energy from every carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond.
Comparing this to a sugar, alcohol, or protein (amino acids make up proteins), we can see that there aren't as many of these bonds to break. Proteins, in fact, require a lot of energy to break down because they have to be converted into other forms first.
Fats have an incredibly high potential to produce a lot of energy when broken down. This is because they are very saturated, which means they have a lot of bonded hydrogens. They also have a lot of carbon-carbon bonds, which have a lot of potential energy stored. When you break down a fat, especially one that has fourteen or more carbons in the chain, you release the energy from every carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bond.
Comparing this to a sugar, alcohol, or protein (amino acids make up proteins), we can see that there aren't as many of these bonds to break. Proteins, in fact, require a lot of energy to break down because they have to be converted into other forms first.
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Phospholipids are amphipathic. This means that a phospholipid is .
Phospholipids are amphipathic. This means that a phospholipid is .
Amphipathic molecules have both a polar and nonpolar region. This amphipathic quality allows phospholipids to create the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. The polar region is the phosphate head, which interacts with the aqueous cytosol and extracellular environment. The nonpolar region is the fatty acid tail, which is sequestered in the bilayer of the membrane and helps reduce the permeability to certain molecules.
Amphipathic molecules have both a polar and nonpolar region. This amphipathic quality allows phospholipids to create the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells. The polar region is the phosphate head, which interacts with the aqueous cytosol and extracellular environment. The nonpolar region is the fatty acid tail, which is sequestered in the bilayer of the membrane and helps reduce the permeability to certain molecules.
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The monomers of all biological macromolecules are combined by which type of bond?
The monomers of all biological macromolecules are combined by which type of bond?
Macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, are composed of monomers. Each polymer is made from at least two smaller monomers. Protein monomers are amino acids, nucleic acid monomers are nucleotides, and polysaccharide monomers are monosaccharides. In order to form polymers, the monomers must form covalent bonds with one another.
For proteins, these covalent bonds are peptide bonds, and for saccharides they are glycosidic linkages.
Macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides, are composed of monomers. Each polymer is made from at least two smaller monomers. Protein monomers are amino acids, nucleic acid monomers are nucleotides, and polysaccharide monomers are monosaccharides. In order to form polymers, the monomers must form covalent bonds with one another.
For proteins, these covalent bonds are peptide bonds, and for saccharides they are glycosidic linkages.
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Which of the following is not found in nucleotides?
Which of the following is not found in nucleotides?
Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids. They are composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. In building the polymer nucleic acid chain, the sugar and phosphate of one nucleotide align with those of another to build the phosphate-sugar backbone, while the nitrogenous bases will form hydrogen bonds across the helix to link two chains of nucleotides together. Phosphate groups carry negative charge; this gives the cell nucleus an overall negative charge and can be used to generate electrochemical gradients across the nuclear membrane.
Carboxylic acids are found in amino acids, and are not present in nucleic acids.
Nucleotides are the monomers that make up nucleic acids. They are composed of a five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. In building the polymer nucleic acid chain, the sugar and phosphate of one nucleotide align with those of another to build the phosphate-sugar backbone, while the nitrogenous bases will form hydrogen bonds across the helix to link two chains of nucleotides together. Phosphate groups carry negative charge; this gives the cell nucleus an overall negative charge and can be used to generate electrochemical gradients across the nuclear membrane.
Carboxylic acids are found in amino acids, and are not present in nucleic acids.
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Cholesterol is soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, but is insoluble in water. Based on this information, to which class of macromolecule does cholesterol belong?
Cholesterol is soluble in organic solvents such as chloroform, but is insoluble in water. Based on this information, to which class of macromolecule does cholesterol belong?
Water is a very polar substance that will not interact well with nonpolar macromolecules. Enzymes (proteins), oligosaccharides (carbohydrates), and nucleic acids all contain polar regions that make them soluble in aqueous environments. Lipids, however, are hydrocarbons and generally lack a polar region. Lipids would not be soluble in water, but would be soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, like chloroform. We can conclude that cholesterol is a lipid.
Water is a very polar substance that will not interact well with nonpolar macromolecules. Enzymes (proteins), oligosaccharides (carbohydrates), and nucleic acids all contain polar regions that make them soluble in aqueous environments. Lipids, however, are hydrocarbons and generally lack a polar region. Lipids would not be soluble in water, but would be soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, like chloroform. We can conclude that cholesterol is a lipid.
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Which of the following choices is a correct statement about DNA?
Which of the following choices is a correct statement about DNA?
Chargaff found that in double-stranded DNA, the number of guanine bases should be equal to the number of cytosine bases, and the number of adenine bases should equal the number of thymine bases. These rules proved to be important pieces of evidence for the idea of complementarity, the theory that each DNA base pairs only with a specific other base on its opposite strand.
According to Chargaff's rules, the statement regarding guanine and cytosine bases is correct. The two other statements that are similarly worded are not correct because they do not compare the frequencies of two bases that are complementary to each other (adenine will not bind cytosine and guanine will not bind thymine). Finally, guanine-cytosine bonds are more stable than adenine-thymine bonds.
Chargaff found that in double-stranded DNA, the number of guanine bases should be equal to the number of cytosine bases, and the number of adenine bases should equal the number of thymine bases. These rules proved to be important pieces of evidence for the idea of complementarity, the theory that each DNA base pairs only with a specific other base on its opposite strand.
According to Chargaff's rules, the statement regarding guanine and cytosine bases is correct. The two other statements that are similarly worded are not correct because they do not compare the frequencies of two bases that are complementary to each other (adenine will not bind cytosine and guanine will not bind thymine). Finally, guanine-cytosine bonds are more stable than adenine-thymine bonds.
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Amino acids are most closely related to which macromolecule?
Amino acids are most closely related to which macromolecule?
An amino acid is the monomer unit of the polymer known as a polypeptide. Polypeptide chains form the primary structure of proteins.
A monosaccharide is the simplest unit of a carbohydrate; a monosaccharide dimer is a disaccharide. Triglycerides are a simple form of lipid and nucleic acids are primarily composed of nucleotide monomers.
An amino acid is the monomer unit of the polymer known as a polypeptide. Polypeptide chains form the primary structure of proteins.
A monosaccharide is the simplest unit of a carbohydrate; a monosaccharide dimer is a disaccharide. Triglycerides are a simple form of lipid and nucleic acids are primarily composed of nucleotide monomers.
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Pharmaceutical researchers are often interested in blocking particular receptor proteins on cell surfaces. What chemical property of a molecule would be most important for it to bind a receptor active site?
Pharmaceutical researchers are often interested in blocking particular receptor proteins on cell surfaces. What chemical property of a molecule would be most important for it to bind a receptor active site?
To block a receptor protein, a molecule must structurally resemble the natural ligand. The active sites of proteins are highly specific, and will only bind certain molecules. The chemical formula, electrons, and bonding in the molecule can all influence small regions of the molecule's structure, but the overall shape must ultimately match the active site of the target protein.
To block a receptor protein, a molecule must structurally resemble the natural ligand. The active sites of proteins are highly specific, and will only bind certain molecules. The chemical formula, electrons, and bonding in the molecule can all influence small regions of the molecule's structure, but the overall shape must ultimately match the active site of the target protein.
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What event would activate a G protein?
What event would activate a G protein?
G proteins are second messengers involved in cell signaling and propagation or effects within the cell. G protein receptors in the plasma membrane bind to extracellular ligands, causing them to recruit G proteins. Inactive G proteins carry ADP. Once they bind to G protein receptors in the membrane, this GDP molecule is removed, and a GTP molecule is substituted to activate the G protein.
The activated G protein then binds another protein and hydrolyzes GTP to GDP to activate this protein and stimulate cellular effects.
G proteins are second messengers involved in cell signaling and propagation or effects within the cell. G protein receptors in the plasma membrane bind to extracellular ligands, causing them to recruit G proteins. Inactive G proteins carry ADP. Once they bind to G protein receptors in the membrane, this GDP molecule is removed, and a GTP molecule is substituted to activate the G protein.
The activated G protein then binds another protein and hydrolyzes GTP to GDP to activate this protein and stimulate cellular effects.
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What are the main components of a triglyceride?
What are the main components of a triglyceride?
Triglycerides are made up of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids. They are commonly used to store energy within cells.
A polar head group, a glycerol backbone, and three fatty acids very nearly describes a phospholipid (phospholipids only have two fatty acids). The other answers are not compounds that are readily observed in cells.
Triglycerides are made up of a glycerol backbone and three fatty acids. They are commonly used to store energy within cells.
A polar head group, a glycerol backbone, and three fatty acids very nearly describes a phospholipid (phospholipids only have two fatty acids). The other answers are not compounds that are readily observed in cells.
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