Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium - AP Biology
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State the Hardy-Weinberg equation for allele frequencies.
State the Hardy-Weinberg equation for allele frequencies.
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$p + q = 1$. The two allele frequencies must sum to 1 in a two-allele system.
$p + q = 1$. The two allele frequencies must sum to 1 in a two-allele system.
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If $p = 0.7$, what is the frequency of the recessive allele?
If $p = 0.7$, what is the frequency of the recessive allele?
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$q = 0.3$. Since $p + q = 1$, then $q = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3$.
$q = 0.3$. Since $p + q = 1$, then $q = 1 - 0.7 = 0.3$.
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Find the frequency of the dominant phenotype if $p = 0.8$ and $q = 0.2$.
Find the frequency of the dominant phenotype if $p = 0.8$ and $q = 0.2$.
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0.96. Dominant phenotype = $p^2 + 2pq = 0.64 + 0.32 = 0.96$.
0.96. Dominant phenotype = $p^2 + 2pq = 0.64 + 0.32 = 0.96$.
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If $q = 0.3$, what is the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype?
If $q = 0.3$, what is the frequency of the homozygous dominant genotype?
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$p^2 = 0.49$. If $q = 0.3$, then $p = 0.7$, so $p^2 = (0.7)^2 = 0.49$.
$p^2 = 0.49$. If $q = 0.3$, then $p = 0.7$, so $p^2 = (0.7)^2 = 0.49$.
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Find $q^2$ if the recessive allele frequency is $0.2$.
Find $q^2$ if the recessive allele frequency is $0.2$.
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$q^2 = 0.04$. Square the allele frequency: $(0.2)^2 = 0.04$.
$q^2 = 0.04$. Square the allele frequency: $(0.2)^2 = 0.04$.
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Determine the frequency of $AA$ if $p = 0.6$.
Determine the frequency of $AA$ if $p = 0.6$.
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$p^2 = 0.36$. Square the allele frequency: $(0.6)^2 = 0.36$.
$p^2 = 0.36$. Square the allele frequency: $(0.6)^2 = 0.36$.
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What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation for genotype frequencies?
What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation for genotype frequencies?
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$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$. Represents all possible genotype combinations from $(p+q)^2$ expansion.
$p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$. Represents all possible genotype combinations from $(p+q)^2$ expansion.
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What is the result if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the result if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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Allele frequencies remain constant. No evolutionary forces act to change the genetic composition.
Allele frequencies remain constant. No evolutionary forces act to change the genetic composition.
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In Hardy-Weinberg, what is the expected frequency of the $aa$ genotype?
In Hardy-Weinberg, what is the expected frequency of the $aa$ genotype?
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$q^2$. The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
$q^2$. The frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
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What does the Hardy-Weinberg law predict about allele frequencies?
What does the Hardy-Weinberg law predict about allele frequencies?
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They remain constant over generations. Frequencies stay stable when all equilibrium conditions are met.
They remain constant over generations. Frequencies stay stable when all equilibrium conditions are met.
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What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle in biology?
What is the significance of the Hardy-Weinberg principle in biology?
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It provides a model for genetic variation in populations. Serves as a null hypothesis to detect evolutionary change.
It provides a model for genetic variation in populations. Serves as a null hypothesis to detect evolutionary change.
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State one reason why a population might deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
State one reason why a population might deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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Mutation. Changes in DNA can alter allele frequencies over time.
Mutation. Changes in DNA can alter allele frequencies over time.
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List another condition necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
List another condition necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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No mutation. New alleles cannot be created or existing ones changed.
No mutation. New alleles cannot be created or existing ones changed.
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State another condition necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
State another condition necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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Large population size. Large size prevents random sampling effects (genetic drift).
Large population size. Large size prevents random sampling effects (genetic drift).
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Identify the term for $2pq$ in the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
Identify the term for $2pq$ in the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
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Frequency of heterozygous genotype. $2pq$ represents individuals with one copy of each allele type.
Frequency of heterozygous genotype. $2pq$ represents individuals with one copy of each allele type.
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If $q = 0.4$, what is the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype?
If $q = 0.4$, what is the frequency of the homozygous recessive genotype?
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$q^2 = 0.16$. Square the allele frequency: $(0.4)^2 = 0.16$.
$q^2 = 0.16$. Square the allele frequency: $(0.4)^2 = 0.16$.
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What does the variable $p$ represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
What does the variable $p$ represent in the Hardy-Weinberg principle?
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Frequency of the dominant allele. $p$ is the proportion of dominant alleles in the gene pool.
Frequency of the dominant allele. $p$ is the proportion of dominant alleles in the gene pool.
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Which condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involves mate selection?
Which condition of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involves mate selection?
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Random mating. Assumes individuals choose mates regardless of their genotype.
Random mating. Assumes individuals choose mates regardless of their genotype.
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Identify the term for $p^2$ in the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
Identify the term for $p^2$ in the Hardy-Weinberg equation.
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Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype. $p^2$ represents individuals with two copies of the dominant allele.
Frequency of homozygous dominant genotype. $p^2$ represents individuals with two copies of the dominant allele.
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Provide another condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Provide another condition for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
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No natural selection. All genotypes must have equal survival and reproductive success.
No natural selection. All genotypes must have equal survival and reproductive success.
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In Hardy-Weinberg, what is the expected frequency of the $Aa$ genotype?
In Hardy-Weinberg, what is the expected frequency of the $Aa$ genotype?
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$2pq$. The frequency of heterozygous individuals.
$2pq$. The frequency of heterozygous individuals.
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What is the main assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model?
What is the main assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model?
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No evolution occurs in the population. Equilibrium assumes no evolutionary forces change allele frequencies.
No evolution occurs in the population. Equilibrium assumes no evolutionary forces change allele frequencies.
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State the Hardy-Weinberg equation for allele frequencies.
State the Hardy-Weinberg equation for allele frequencies.
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$p + q = 1$. The two allele frequencies must sum to 1 in a two-allele system.
$p + q = 1$. The two allele frequencies must sum to 1 in a two-allele system.
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What is the sum of allele frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the sum of allele frequencies in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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- All possible alleles must account for 100% of the gene pool.
- All possible alleles must account for 100% of the gene pool.
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Determine $q$ if the frequency of $aa$ is $0.25$.
Determine $q$ if the frequency of $aa$ is $0.25$.
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$q = 0.5$. Since $q^2 = 0.25$, then $q = \sqrt{0.25} = 0.5$.
$q = 0.5$. Since $q^2 = 0.25$, then $q = \sqrt{0.25} = 0.5$.
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In Hardy-Weinberg, what is the expected frequency of the $AA$ genotype?
In Hardy-Weinberg, what is the expected frequency of the $AA$ genotype?
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$p^2$. The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.
$p^2$. The frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.
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Calculate $q^2$ if $q = 0.3$.
Calculate $q^2$ if $q = 0.3$.
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$q^2 = 0.09$. Square the allele frequency: $(0.3)^2 = 0.09$.
$q^2 = 0.09$. Square the allele frequency: $(0.3)^2 = 0.09$.
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What happens to genotype frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What happens to genotype frequencies under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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They remain constant over generations. Genotype proportions remain unchanged across generations.
They remain constant over generations. Genotype proportions remain unchanged across generations.
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Calculate the frequency of heterozygotes if $p = 0.5$ and $q = 0.5$.
Calculate the frequency of heterozygotes if $p = 0.5$ and $q = 0.5$.
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$2pq = 0.5$. Calculate: $2 \times 0.5 \times 0.5 = 0.5$.
$2pq = 0.5$. Calculate: $2 \times 0.5 \times 0.5 = 0.5$.
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What is the result if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
What is the result if a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
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Allele frequencies remain constant. No evolutionary forces act to change the genetic composition.
Allele frequencies remain constant. No evolutionary forces act to change the genetic composition.
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