Gene Expression and Cell Specialization - AP Biology
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What is a codon?
What is a codon?
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A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA. It specifies which amino acid to add during translation.
A sequence of three nucleotides in mRNA. It specifies which amino acid to add during translation.
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Identify the RNA sequence transcribed from DNA: 3'-TACG-5'.
Identify the RNA sequence transcribed from DNA: 3'-TACG-5'.
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5'-AUGC-3'. Template strand read 3' to 5' produces 5' to 3' RNA.
5'-AUGC-3'. Template strand read 3' to 5' produces 5' to 3' RNA.
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What is an operon?
What is an operon?
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A cluster of genes under a single promoter. Allows coordinated regulation of related genes in prokaryotes.
A cluster of genes under a single promoter. Allows coordinated regulation of related genes in prokaryotes.
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What is the outcome of alternative splicing?
What is the outcome of alternative splicing?
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Different proteins from the same gene. Increases protein diversity from limited number of genes.
Different proteins from the same gene. Increases protein diversity from limited number of genes.
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What is the role of chaperone proteins?
What is the role of chaperone proteins?
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They assist protein folding. They prevent misfolding and help proteins reach native structure.
They assist protein folding. They prevent misfolding and help proteins reach native structure.
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Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
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mRNA. It's the messenger that transfers genetic information.
mRNA. It's the messenger that transfers genetic information.
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What is the role of a promoter in gene expression?
What is the role of a promoter in gene expression?
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A promoter initiates transcription. It's the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds.
A promoter initiates transcription. It's the DNA sequence where RNA polymerase binds.
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Identify the process by which cells become specialized.
Identify the process by which cells become specialized.
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Cell differentiation. Cells express different genes to develop unique functions.
Cell differentiation. Cells express different genes to develop unique functions.
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What is the function of the TATA box in transcription?
What is the function of the TATA box in transcription?
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It is a DNA sequence indicating a start site. Promoter element that helps position RNA polymerase.
It is a DNA sequence indicating a start site. Promoter element that helps position RNA polymerase.
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Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
Which type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
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mRNA. It's the messenger that transfers genetic information.
mRNA. It's the messenger that transfers genetic information.
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What is the role of chaperone proteins?
What is the role of chaperone proteins?
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They assist protein folding. They prevent misfolding and help proteins reach native structure.
They assist protein folding. They prevent misfolding and help proteins reach native structure.
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Which process involves the removal of introns?
Which process involves the removal of introns?
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RNA splicing. It removes non-coding introns from pre-mRNA transcripts.
RNA splicing. It removes non-coding introns from pre-mRNA transcripts.
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What is the role of transcription factors?
What is the role of transcription factors?
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They regulate the transcription of genes. Proteins that control when genes are turned on/off.
They regulate the transcription of genes. Proteins that control when genes are turned on/off.
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State the sequence of events in protein synthesis.
State the sequence of events in protein synthesis.
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Initiation, elongation, termination. The three main phases of both transcription and translation.
Initiation, elongation, termination. The three main phases of both transcription and translation.
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What is the role of tRNA during translation?
What is the role of tRNA during translation?
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tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid matching its anticodon.
tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid matching its anticodon.
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Find and correct the error: DNA is translated to RNA.
Find and correct the error: DNA is translated to RNA.
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Correct: DNA is transcribed to RNA. Translation converts RNA to protein, not transcription.
Correct: DNA is transcribed to RNA. Translation converts RNA to protein, not transcription.
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What is the function of a poly-A tail in mRNA?
What is the function of a poly-A tail in mRNA?
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Stability and export from the nucleus. Protects mRNA from degradation and aids nuclear export.
Stability and export from the nucleus. Protects mRNA from degradation and aids nuclear export.
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Which type of RNA forms the structural and catalytic part of the ribosome?
Which type of RNA forms the structural and catalytic part of the ribosome?
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rRNA. It's the catalytic component that forms peptide bonds.
rRNA. It's the catalytic component that forms peptide bonds.
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Which molecule is the end product of transcription?
Which molecule is the end product of transcription?
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RNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA, not protein directly.
RNA. DNA is transcribed into RNA, not protein directly.
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State the function of the genetic code's redundancy.
State the function of the genetic code's redundancy.
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Minimizes the effects of mutations. Multiple codons for one amino acid reduce mutation impact.
Minimizes the effects of mutations. Multiple codons for one amino acid reduce mutation impact.
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What are introns and what happens to them during RNA processing?
What are introns and what happens to them during RNA processing?
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Introns are removed from pre-mRNA. Non-coding sequences spliced out during RNA processing.
Introns are removed from pre-mRNA. Non-coding sequences spliced out during RNA processing.
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Identify the type of bond formed between amino acids.
Identify the type of bond formed between amino acids.
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Peptide bond. Covalent bond linking amino acids in protein chains.
Peptide bond. Covalent bond linking amino acids in protein chains.
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Identify the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.
Identify the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a DNA template.
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RNA polymerase. It reads DNA template and synthesizes complementary RNA strands.
RNA polymerase. It reads DNA template and synthesizes complementary RNA strands.
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Which process converts genetic information from DNA to RNA?
Which process converts genetic information from DNA to RNA?
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Transcription. DNA serves as template to create RNA copy of gene.
Transcription. DNA serves as template to create RNA copy of gene.
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Find the complementary RNA sequence to DNA: 5'-ATCG-3'.
Find the complementary RNA sequence to DNA: 5'-ATCG-3'.
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5'-UAGC-3'. A pairs with U, T with A, C with G, G with C.
5'-UAGC-3'. A pairs with U, T with A, C with G, G with C.
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Identify the process that translates mRNA into a polypeptide.
Identify the process that translates mRNA into a polypeptide.
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Translation. It converts mRNA sequence into amino acid sequence.
Translation. It converts mRNA sequence into amino acid sequence.
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What is the purpose of the 5' cap in mRNA?
What is the purpose of the 5' cap in mRNA?
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Protection and initiation of translation. Modified guanosine that protects and facilitates translation.
Protection and initiation of translation. Modified guanosine that protects and facilitates translation.
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What binds to an operator to regulate gene expression in prokaryotes?
What binds to an operator to regulate gene expression in prokaryotes?
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Repressor protein. It blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing genes.
Repressor protein. It blocks RNA polymerase from transcribing genes.
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What is the function of ribosomes in cells?
What is the function of ribosomes in cells?
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Ribosomes facilitate protein synthesis. They read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
Ribosomes facilitate protein synthesis. They read mRNA and assemble amino acids into proteins.
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What is meant by 'gene expression'?
What is meant by 'gene expression'?
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Conversion of gene information into a product. When genes are transcribed and translated into proteins.
Conversion of gene information into a product. When genes are transcribed and translated into proteins.
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