Cell Functions - AP Biology
Card 0 of 4298
In mitosis, which is the second phase in which spindle fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the cell where they are aligned?
In mitosis, which is the second phase in which spindle fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the cell where they are aligned?
Metaphase is the second phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the cell where they are aligned. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, anaphase is the third phase, and telophase is the fourth and final phase.
Metaphase is the second phase of mitosis in which spindle fibers move the chromosomes to the center of the cell where they are aligned. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, anaphase is the third phase, and telophase is the fourth and final phase.
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In mitosis, which is the third phase in which sister chromatids of chromosomes move toward the opposite poles of the cell?
In mitosis, which is the third phase in which sister chromatids of chromosomes move toward the opposite poles of the cell?
Anaphase is the third phase of mitosis in which each sister chromatids of each chromosome toward the opposite poles of the cell. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, metaphase is the second phase, and telophase is the fourth and final phase.
Anaphase is the third phase of mitosis in which each sister chromatids of each chromosome toward the opposite poles of the cell. Prophase is the first phase of mitosis, metaphase is the second phase, and telophase is the fourth and final phase.
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Which of the following is not true of human gametes?
Which of the following is not true of human gametes?
Gametes are haploid sex cells produced from germ line cells during mitosis. During human fertilization, male and female haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
Gametes are haploid sex cells produced from germ line cells during mitosis. During human fertilization, male and female haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
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Which of the following is not true of human gametes?
Which of the following is not true of human gametes?
Gametes are haploid sex cells produced from germ line cells during mitosis. During human fertilization, male and female haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
Gametes are haploid sex cells produced from germ line cells during mitosis. During human fertilization, male and female haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
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Which of the following phases of the cell cycle make up what is known as interphase?
Which of the following phases of the cell cycle make up what is known as interphase?
Interphase in the cell cycle encompasses the G1, S, and G2 phases, as it shows the period of growth and DNA replication that a cell must go through to prepare for mitosis. Cell division, which occurs during the M phase, is the only portion of the cell cycle that is not included in interphase.
Interphase in the cell cycle encompasses the G1, S, and G2 phases, as it shows the period of growth and DNA replication that a cell must go through to prepare for mitosis. Cell division, which occurs during the M phase, is the only portion of the cell cycle that is not included in interphase.
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Central nervous system nerve cells spend most of their lives in which of the following phases of the cell cycle?
Central nervous system nerve cells spend most of their lives in which of the following phases of the cell cycle?
Because they do not divide, central nervous system nerve cells do not need to experience growth (G1 and G2 phases), DNA replication (S phase), or mitosis (M phase). As a result, they spend most of their lives arrested in G0, a resting phase.
Because they do not divide, central nervous system nerve cells do not need to experience growth (G1 and G2 phases), DNA replication (S phase), or mitosis (M phase). As a result, they spend most of their lives arrested in G0, a resting phase.
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Which of the following is not true of human gametes?
Which of the following is not true of human gametes?
Gametes are haploid sex cells produced from germ line cells during mitosis. During human fertilization, male and female haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
Gametes are haploid sex cells produced from germ line cells during mitosis. During human fertilization, male and female haploid gametes fuse to form a diploid zygote.
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Where does anaerobic respiration occur in a cell?
Where does anaerobic respiration occur in a cell?
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate produced during glycolysis will be used for either lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation, producing lactic acid or ethanol (as waste products) and regenerating NAD+ to be used for another cycle of glycolysis. This fermentation occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
In the absence of oxygen, pyruvate produced during glycolysis will be used for either lactic acid or alcoholic fermentation, producing lactic acid or ethanol (as waste products) and regenerating NAD+ to be used for another cycle of glycolysis. This fermentation occurs in the cytosol of the cell.
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Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Where does glycolysis take place in the cell?
Glycolysis takes place in the cell cytosol, and can take place under anaerobic conditions. After the completion of glycolysis, the product pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.
The nucleus houses the cell's DNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum is involved with protein modification.
Glycolysis takes place in the cell cytosol, and can take place under anaerobic conditions. After the completion of glycolysis, the product pyruvate is transported to the mitochondria for the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.
The nucleus houses the cell's DNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum is involved with protein modification.
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What is the net production of energy from glycolysis?
What is the net production of energy from glycolysis?
Glycolysis produces a total of four ATP molecules. The initial steps of glycolysis, however, include an energy investment phase in which two ATP are utilized. Since two ATP are used and four are produced, the net ATP yield for glycolysis is two ATP.
Glycolysis produces a total of four ATP molecules. The initial steps of glycolysis, however, include an energy investment phase in which two ATP are utilized. Since two ATP are used and four are produced, the net ATP yield for glycolysis is two ATP.
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In mitosis, which is the first phase in which chromatin coils and forms chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks down?
In mitosis, which is the first phase in which chromatin coils and forms chromosomes and the nuclear membrane breaks down?
Prophase is the first phase of mitosis in which chromatin coils and forms chromosomes, the spindle apparatus begins to form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down. The second, third, and fourth phases are metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, respectively.
Prophase is the first phase of mitosis in which chromatin coils and forms chromosomes, the spindle apparatus begins to form, and the nuclear membrane breaks down. The second, third, and fourth phases are metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, respectively.
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Oxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration, because __________.
Oxygen is necessary for aerobic respiration, because __________.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. It becomes water upon being reduced by the accepted electrons, which explains why water is one of the products of respiration. Without the presence of oxygen, electrons would remain trapped and bound in the final step of the electron transport chain, preventing further reaction.
NADH and FADH2 are necessary to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration. It becomes water upon being reduced by the accepted electrons, which explains why water is one of the products of respiration. Without the presence of oxygen, electrons would remain trapped and bound in the final step of the electron transport chain, preventing further reaction.
NADH and FADH2 are necessary to donate electrons to the electron transport chain.
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Which of the following chemical equations represents the net chemical reaction of aerobic cellular respiration?
Which of the following chemical equations represents the net chemical reaction of aerobic cellular respiration?
Aerobic cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose 
to form intermittent electron electron carriers, which eventually donate their electrons to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, at the end of the electron transport chain. This process produces usable energy in the form of ATP, as well as waste produced of carbon dioxide and water.
Aerobic cellular respiration is the process of breaking down glucose
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Eukaryotes are capable of producing ATP with or without oxygen. In comparison, prokaryotes __________.
Eukaryotes are capable of producing ATP with or without oxygen. In comparison, prokaryotes __________.
One way to divide prokaryotes is into aerobes and anaerobes. Aerobes are organisms that can survive and grow in the presence of oxygen while anaerobes did not require oxygen for survival and growth. All aerobes can produce ATP with or without oxygen (though they may need oxygen for survival. However some anaerobes are harmed by the presence of oxygen (obligate anaerobes). These anaerobes can produce ATP through glycolysis or anaerobic respiration, where another molecule besides oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain.
One way to divide prokaryotes is into aerobes and anaerobes. Aerobes are organisms that can survive and grow in the presence of oxygen while anaerobes did not require oxygen for survival and growth. All aerobes can produce ATP with or without oxygen (though they may need oxygen for survival. However some anaerobes are harmed by the presence of oxygen (obligate anaerobes). These anaerobes can produce ATP through glycolysis or anaerobic respiration, where another molecule besides oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor for the electron transport chain.
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In the process of cellular respiration, if no oxygen is available, what is the fate of the pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis?
In the process of cellular respiration, if no oxygen is available, what is the fate of the pyruvate molecules produced during glycolysis?
If no oxygen is available, anaerobic respiration will occur. This can either be lactic acid fermentation, or alcoholic fermentation. In alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation, the pyruvate are decarboxylated and ultimately used to produce either ethanol or lactic acid, and regenerate NAD+ which will be reused for another cycle of glycolysis (2 ATP are produced for each round of glycolysis).
If no oxygen is available, anaerobic respiration will occur. This can either be lactic acid fermentation, or alcoholic fermentation. In alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation, the pyruvate are decarboxylated and ultimately used to produce either ethanol or lactic acid, and regenerate NAD+ which will be reused for another cycle of glycolysis (2 ATP are produced for each round of glycolysis).
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Anaerobic respiration occurs when?
Anaerobic respiration occurs when?
If no oxygen is available, anaerobic respiration will occur. This can either be lactic acid fermentation, or alcoholic fermentation. In alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation, the pyruvate are decarboxylated and ultimately used to produce either ethanol or lactic acid, and regenerate NAD+ which will be reused for another cycle of glycolysis (2 ATP are produced for each round of glycolysis).
If no oxygen is available, anaerobic respiration will occur. This can either be lactic acid fermentation, or alcoholic fermentation. In alcoholic or lactic acid fermentation, the pyruvate are decarboxylated and ultimately used to produce either ethanol or lactic acid, and regenerate NAD+ which will be reused for another cycle of glycolysis (2 ATP are produced for each round of glycolysis).
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During pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, pyruvate is converted to _______________ compound, through a reaction called ______________ .
During pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, pyruvate is converted to _______________ compound, through a reaction called ______________ .
Pyruvate decarboxylation is an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, or an oxidation reaction where a carboxylate group is removed. This reaction converts pyruvate which was produced through glycolysis to acetyl CoA to be used in the Citric Acid Cycle.
Pyruvate decarboxylation is an oxidative decarboxylation reaction, or an oxidation reaction where a carboxylate group is removed. This reaction converts pyruvate which was produced through glycolysis to acetyl CoA to be used in the Citric Acid Cycle.
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Which enzyme complex catalyzes the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction?
Which enzyme complex catalyzes the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction?
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex that consists of 3 enzymes, which work together to catalyze the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, where pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex that consists of 3 enzymes, which work together to catalyze the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction, where pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
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Where does the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction occur?
Where does the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction occur?
Pyruvate decarboxylation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The acetyl CoA produced from the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction will undergo the Citric Acid cycle also in the mitochondrial matrix.
Pyruvate decarboxylation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The acetyl CoA produced from the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction will undergo the Citric Acid cycle also in the mitochondrial matrix.
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For each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis, how many acetyl CoA molecules are produced at the end of pyruvate decarboxylation?
For each glucose molecule that undergoes glycolysis, how many acetyl CoA molecules are produced at the end of pyruvate decarboxylation?
During glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvate are produced ( glucose+ NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2Pi-> 2 pyruvate+ 2 ATP + 2NADH+. These 2 molecules of pyruvate then undergo the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction: 2(pyruvate+ CoA-SH+ NAD+ -> NADH+ CO2+ acetyl CoA).
During glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose, two molecules of pyruvate are produced ( glucose+ NAD+ + 2 ADP + 2Pi-> 2 pyruvate+ 2 ATP + 2NADH+. These 2 molecules of pyruvate then undergo the pyruvate decarboxylation reaction: 2(pyruvate+ CoA-SH+ NAD+ -> NADH+ CO2+ acetyl CoA).
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