Cell Cycle - AP Biology
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What key event defines anaphase?
What key event defines anaphase?
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Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Chromosome segregation ensures equal genetic distribution.
Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles. Chromosome segregation ensures equal genetic distribution.
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What is an oncogene?
What is an oncogene?
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Mutated gene that promotes uncontrolled cell division. Drives excessive proliferation when growth controls fail.
Mutated gene that promotes uncontrolled cell division. Drives excessive proliferation when growth controls fail.
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What structure is responsible for separating chromosomes during mitosis?
What structure is responsible for separating chromosomes during mitosis?
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Mitotic spindle. The protein structure that pulls chromosomes apart.
Mitotic spindle. The protein structure that pulls chromosomes apart.
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What protein complex is activated by cyclins?
What protein complex is activated by cyclins?
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Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Enzymes that phosphorylate target proteins when bound to cyclins.
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Enzymes that phosphorylate target proteins when bound to cyclins.
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What is the term for programmed cell death?
What is the term for programmed cell death?
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Apoptosis. Controlled cell death to eliminate damaged cells.
Apoptosis. Controlled cell death to eliminate damaged cells.
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What is a key feature of the metaphase checkpoint?
What is a key feature of the metaphase checkpoint?
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Ensure chromosomes are aligned at metaphase plate. Prevents anaphase until all chromosomes are attached.
Ensure chromosomes are aligned at metaphase plate. Prevents anaphase until all chromosomes are attached.
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What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
What occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle?
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DNA replication. The synthesis phase where chromosomes are duplicated.
DNA replication. The synthesis phase where chromosomes are duplicated.
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What is the main purpose of the G₁ checkpoint?
What is the main purpose of the G₁ checkpoint?
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Assess cell size, nutrients, DNA damage. Determines if the cell is ready for DNA replication.
Assess cell size, nutrients, DNA damage. Determines if the cell is ready for DNA replication.
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In which phase do centrosomes move to opposite poles?
In which phase do centrosomes move to opposite poles?
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Prophase. Centrosomes organize spindle formation at opposite ends.
Prophase. Centrosomes organize spindle formation at opposite ends.
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Which enzyme is responsible for DNA replication?
Which enzyme is responsible for DNA replication?
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DNA polymerase. The main enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands.
DNA polymerase. The main enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands.
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What is the purpose of the cell cycle control system?
What is the purpose of the cell cycle control system?
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Regulate timing of cell cycle events. Checkpoints and molecular machinery coordinate cell division.
Regulate timing of cell cycle events. Checkpoints and molecular machinery coordinate cell division.
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What is the primary event that occurs in G₀ phase?
What is the primary event that occurs in G₀ phase?
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Cell cycle arrest. Non-dividing state where cells exit the active cycle.
Cell cycle arrest. Non-dividing state where cells exit the active cycle.
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What phase follows prophase in mitosis?
What phase follows prophase in mitosis?
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Metaphase. Chromosomes align at the cell center after condensing.
Metaphase. Chromosomes align at the cell center after condensing.
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Identify the phase where the spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
Identify the phase where the spindle fibers attach to kinetochores.
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Prometaphase. Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle attaches.
Prometaphase. Nuclear envelope breaks down and spindle attaches.
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Identify the phase where crossing over occurs.
Identify the phase where crossing over occurs.
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Prophase I of meiosis. Genetic recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes.
Prophase I of meiosis. Genetic recombination occurs between homologous chromosomes.
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What is the primary function of mitosis?
What is the primary function of mitosis?
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Generate two identical daughter cells. Nuclear division producing genetically identical offspring.
Generate two identical daughter cells. Nuclear division producing genetically identical offspring.
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Identify the phase where chromosomes line up at the cell equator.
Identify the phase where chromosomes line up at the cell equator.
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Metaphase. Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate before separation.
Metaphase. Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate before separation.
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Identify the final phase of mitosis.
Identify the final phase of mitosis.
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Telophase. Nuclear envelopes reform and chromosomes begin to decondense.
Telophase. Nuclear envelopes reform and chromosomes begin to decondense.
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In which phase do nuclear envelopes reform?
In which phase do nuclear envelopes reform?
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Telophase. Nuclear membranes reassemble around each set of chromosomes.
Telophase. Nuclear membranes reassemble around each set of chromosomes.
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What occurs during anaphase of mitosis?
What occurs during anaphase of mitosis?
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Sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles.
Sister chromatids separate. Spindle fibers pull sister chromatids to opposite poles.
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What is the role of the spindle assembly checkpoint?
What is the role of the spindle assembly checkpoint?
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Ensure spindle fibers are properly attached. Prevents chromosome separation until proper attachment occurs.
Ensure spindle fibers are properly attached. Prevents chromosome separation until proper attachment occurs.
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In which phase does cytokinesis begin?
In which phase does cytokinesis begin?
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Telophase. Cytoplasm division overlaps with the final mitotic phase.
Telophase. Cytoplasm division overlaps with the final mitotic phase.
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What is the term for programmed cell death?
What is the term for programmed cell death?
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Apoptosis. Controlled cell death to eliminate damaged cells.
Apoptosis. Controlled cell death to eliminate damaged cells.
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What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
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Mitosis produces identical cells; meiosis produces gametes. Mitosis maintains chromosome number; meiosis reduces it.
Mitosis produces identical cells; meiosis produces gametes. Mitosis maintains chromosome number; meiosis reduces it.
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Define cytokinesis.
Define cytokinesis.
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Division of cytoplasm. The final step that creates two separate cells.
Division of cytoplasm. The final step that creates two separate cells.
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What are the phases of the cell cycle?
What are the phases of the cell cycle?
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G₁, S, G₂, M. The sequential order of the four main cell cycle phases.
G₁, S, G₂, M. The sequential order of the four main cell cycle phases.
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What process follows telophase in the cell cycle?
What process follows telophase in the cell cycle?
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Cytokinesis. The process that physically divides the cell into two.
Cytokinesis. The process that physically divides the cell into two.
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What is the main purpose of the G₁ checkpoint?
What is the main purpose of the G₁ checkpoint?
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Assess cell size, nutrients, DNA damage. Determines if the cell is ready for DNA replication.
Assess cell size, nutrients, DNA damage. Determines if the cell is ready for DNA replication.
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What is the significance of telomeres in cell division?
What is the significance of telomeres in cell division?
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Protect chromosome ends, limit cell division. Prevent chromosome degradation and count cell divisions.
Protect chromosome ends, limit cell division. Prevent chromosome degradation and count cell divisions.
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What is the role of growth factors in the cell cycle?
What is the role of growth factors in the cell cycle?
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Stimulate cell division. External signals that promote cell cycle progression.
Stimulate cell division. External signals that promote cell cycle progression.
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