Immune Physiology - Anatomy
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist is attempting to upregulate the activity of macrophages in a petri dish. The macrophages have already been exposed to bacterial pathogens. The addition of which chemical to the petri dish is most likely to enhance macrophage-mediated killing?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist is attempting to upregulate the activity of macrophages in a petri dish. The macrophages have already been exposed to bacterial pathogens. The addition of which chemical to the petri dish is most likely to enhance macrophage-mediated killing?
IFN-gamma is the main chemokine produced by CD4 T-cells to promote the oxidative killing of phagocytosed organisms in macrophages. Without IFN-gamma, macrophages can still ingest pathogens, though their killing efficiency will be far reduced.
IFN-gamma is the main chemokine produced by CD4 T-cells to promote the oxidative killing of phagocytosed organisms in macrophages. Without IFN-gamma, macrophages can still ingest pathogens, though their killing efficiency will be far reduced.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Which of the following surface proteins is most likely to be used as a marker to distinguish T-lymphocytes from B-lymphocytes?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Which of the following surface proteins is most likely to be used as a marker to distinguish T-lymphocytes from B-lymphocytes?
The CD family of surface proteins (short for cluster of differentiation) is best understood as a set of nametags to distinguish one set of cells from another. CD28 is the most commonly used marker for T-cells, as it is unique to this cell type. In contrast, B-cells use a number of other unique markers, including CD20 and CD21, among others.
CD5 is used to distinguish chronic lymphocytic leukemia from other leukemic states.
The CD family of surface proteins (short for cluster of differentiation) is best understood as a set of nametags to distinguish one set of cells from another. CD28 is the most commonly used marker for T-cells, as it is unique to this cell type. In contrast, B-cells use a number of other unique markers, including CD20 and CD21, among others.
CD5 is used to distinguish chronic lymphocytic leukemia from other leukemic states.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A team of physicians is preparing a patient for a bone marrow transplant. To prevent graft-versus-host disease, where the transplanted T-cells attack the host into which they have been introduced, the physicians make sure that the donor and host have a matching human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type.
Which HLA gene product interacts with receptors on CD8 T-cells most avidly?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A team of physicians is preparing a patient for a bone marrow transplant. To prevent graft-versus-host disease, where the transplanted T-cells attack the host into which they have been introduced, the physicians make sure that the donor and host have a matching human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type.
Which HLA gene product interacts with receptors on CD8 T-cells most avidly?
The protein MHC I is present on the surface of all nucleated cells, and provides a means for cytotoxic CD8 T-cells to exert cell killing on any nucleated cell that becomes infected with a pathogen.
MHC II is a related protein, that is only present on antigen-presenting cells (APC). These antigen-presenting cells must interact with CD4 T-cells. As a result, we can make the generalization that CD4 T-cells interact with MHC II, restricted in expression to APCs, and CD8 T-cells interact with MHC I with far broader expression.
The protein MHC I is present on the surface of all nucleated cells, and provides a means for cytotoxic CD8 T-cells to exert cell killing on any nucleated cell that becomes infected with a pathogen.
MHC II is a related protein, that is only present on antigen-presenting cells (APC). These antigen-presenting cells must interact with CD4 T-cells. As a result, we can make the generalization that CD4 T-cells interact with MHC II, restricted in expression to APCs, and CD8 T-cells interact with MHC I with far broader expression.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Patients with clear cell carcinoma of the kidney often undergo therapy that uses an inflammatory cytokine to upregulate T-cell activity. Which of the following cytokines is most likely used as a treatmnt for clear cell carcinoma?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Patients with clear cell carcinoma of the kidney often undergo therapy that uses an inflammatory cytokine to upregulate T-cell activity. Which of the following cytokines is most likely used as a treatmnt for clear cell carcinoma?
IL-2 is the third signal that activates T-cell activity. T-cells are initially activated by MHC/T-cell receptor binding, and then the second B7 signal further primes activity. After these two signals, the T-cell produces its own IL-2, which acts in an autocrine fashion to further accelerate T-cell proliferation.
IL-2 is the third signal that activates T-cell activity. T-cells are initially activated by MHC/T-cell receptor binding, and then the second B7 signal further primes activity. After these two signals, the T-cell produces its own IL-2, which acts in an autocrine fashion to further accelerate T-cell proliferation.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist develops a protein that is able to interrupt the normal function of CD8 T-cells, preventing them from actively killing target cells. Except for actively killing targets, T-cells behave, physically bind to target cells, and develop normally after treatment with this protein. Which protein/receptor pair interaction on CD8 T-cells is most likley being interrupted by this protein?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
A scientist develops a protein that is able to interrupt the normal function of CD8 T-cells, preventing them from actively killing target cells. Except for actively killing targets, T-cells behave, physically bind to target cells, and develop normally after treatment with this protein. Which protein/receptor pair interaction on CD8 T-cells is most likley being interrupted by this protein?
The interaction of Fas and Fas ligand is the most direct option among these choices that drives cell killing. The remainder of the options are either not relevant to T-cells, or are involved in simple binding or development. The interaction of Fas and its ligand actually drives cell death.
The interaction of Fas and Fas ligand is the most direct option among these choices that drives cell killing. The remainder of the options are either not relevant to T-cells, or are involved in simple binding or development. The interaction of Fas and its ligand actually drives cell death.
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Which of the following is a key difference between the innate and the adaptive immune systems?
Which of the following is a key difference between the innate and the adaptive immune systems?
The two types of immune reactions found in the human body are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system is the first defense for common antigens that enter the body, and will respond to any and all foreign antigens that it detects. The adaptive immune system utilizes antibodies to fight antigens that reappear in the body during subsequent exposures, and allows the system to more uniquely attack the specific antigen. Both systems can respond to a variety of different pathogens, including bacteria and viruses.
The two types of immune reactions found in the human body are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate immune system is the first defense for common antigens that enter the body, and will respond to any and all foreign antigens that it detects. The adaptive immune system utilizes antibodies to fight antigens that reappear in the body during subsequent exposures, and allows the system to more uniquely attack the specific antigen. Both systems can respond to a variety of different pathogens, including bacteria and viruses.
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Which of the following organs is not involved in the immune response?
Which of the following organs is not involved in the immune response?
The heart is the only organ listed that is not involved in the immune response. The thymus is the site of T-cell maturation, while bone marrow is the site of B-cell maturation. The lymph nodes and spleen are sites of blood filtration to ensure that there are no pathogens in the system.
The heart is the only organ listed that is not involved in the immune response. The thymus is the site of T-cell maturation, while bone marrow is the site of B-cell maturation. The lymph nodes and spleen are sites of blood filtration to ensure that there are no pathogens in the system.
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the adaptive immune system?
The innate immune system is the general, non-specific response to pathogens. It does not involve a memory component. The adaptive immune system is the more complex, specific response to pathogens. The adaptive immune system takes longer to develop, is able to discriminate between self cells and non self cells, and has a memory component so the second reaction is a quicker response to infection.
The innate immune system is the general, non-specific response to pathogens. It does not involve a memory component. The adaptive immune system is the more complex, specific response to pathogens. The adaptive immune system takes longer to develop, is able to discriminate between self cells and non self cells, and has a memory component so the second reaction is a quicker response to infection.
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Where does the processing and maturation of T-lymphocytes occur?
Where does the processing and maturation of T-lymphocytes occur?
The thymus is one of two primary lymphoid tissues and is the site of T cell processing, and maturation. These cells are sometimes referred to as thymocytes. The bone marrow is the other primary lymphoid tissue and is the site of B cell maturation.
The thymus is one of two primary lymphoid tissues and is the site of T cell processing, and maturation. These cells are sometimes referred to as thymocytes. The bone marrow is the other primary lymphoid tissue and is the site of B cell maturation.
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Which is an organ of the immune system?
Which is an organ of the immune system?
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Peripheral tissues initiate adaptive immune responses. Peripheral lymphoid organs include: lymph nodes, spleen, and the mucosal and cutaneous immune systems (ex: peyers patches in the gastrointestinal tract).
Tissues of the immune system are classified as central (primary) or peripheral (secondary). Peripheral tissues initiate adaptive immune responses. Peripheral lymphoid organs include: lymph nodes, spleen, and the mucosal and cutaneous immune systems (ex: peyers patches in the gastrointestinal tract).
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A woman is admitted to the hospital in serious need of a blood transfusion. The woman is determined to have B negative blood.
Which of the following blood types can be transfused safely into the patient?
A woman is admitted to the hospital in serious need of a blood transfusion. The woman is determined to have B negative blood.
Which of the following blood types can be transfused safely into the patient?
Since the woman is B negative, she makes antibodies against A blood as well as Rh positive blood. This means that blood that has either A or positive antigens cannot be transfused. Type O blood does not carry any surface antigens. If the blood is O negative, it can safely be transfused into a B negative patient.
Since the woman is B negative, she makes antibodies against A blood as well as Rh positive blood. This means that blood that has either A or positive antigens cannot be transfused. Type O blood does not carry any surface antigens. If the blood is O negative, it can safely be transfused into a B negative patient.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Neoplasms of the immune system are often classified by which surface proteins are present on rapidly dividing cells. A physician is evaluating a patient with a B-cell lymphoma. Which of the following normally present surface proteins is most likley used as a marker for a B-cell lymphoma?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
Neoplasms of the immune system are often classified by which surface proteins are present on rapidly dividing cells. A physician is evaluating a patient with a B-cell lymphoma. Which of the following normally present surface proteins is most likley used as a marker for a B-cell lymphoma?
CD19, CD20, and CD21 are all normal B-cell surface proteins and can thus be used as markers for B-cell lymphomas.
CD19, CD20, and CD21 are all normal B-cell surface proteins and can thus be used as markers for B-cell lymphomas.
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The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
The innate immune system is usually the first system to respond to invading pathogens. As part of its initial response, innate immune cells must leave the circulation and enter the peripheral tissues where pathogens are present. The process by which immune cells leave the circulation is first initiated by adhesion proteins that make cells stick to the side of blood vessel walls, before they cross the vessel and enter the periphery. Which of the following proteins is most likely involved in mediating adhesion?
The human immune system is organized along two broad arms: innate immunity and adaptive immunity. The differences between these two approaches to immunity are not always black and white, but can be described in general terms with regard to immunological memory. Adaptive immunity displays this type of memory, and mounts a more intense response to pathogens upon second and subsequent exposures.
Within adaptive immunity, the system is further divided into humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity. We can say that antibodies are the primary mediators of the former, while CD8 T-cell based cytotoxicity is the mediator of the latter.
CD4 T-cells, unlike their CD8 counterparts, are involved in both the humoral and cell-mediated arms of adaptive immunity. These CD4 cells drive isotype switching, a process that changes the types of antibodies produced after initial exposure to a pathogen to increase their molecular affinity. Additionally, CD4 cells promote the activity of macrophages to directly digest invading pathogens.
The innate immune system is usually the first system to respond to invading pathogens. As part of its initial response, innate immune cells must leave the circulation and enter the peripheral tissues where pathogens are present. The process by which immune cells leave the circulation is first initiated by adhesion proteins that make cells stick to the side of blood vessel walls, before they cross the vessel and enter the periphery. Which of the following proteins is most likely involved in mediating adhesion?
All of these options, except ICAM-1, are soluble mediators that drive different elements of immune response. These soluble mediators are more like cytokines than is ICAM-1, which is a structural adhesin that facilitates polymorphonuclear cells sticking to the side of blood vessels. This neutrophil margination is the first step toward diapedesis, or the crossing of the cells into the peripheral tissue to carry out their function.
All of these options, except ICAM-1, are soluble mediators that drive different elements of immune response. These soluble mediators are more like cytokines than is ICAM-1, which is a structural adhesin that facilitates polymorphonuclear cells sticking to the side of blood vessels. This neutrophil margination is the first step toward diapedesis, or the crossing of the cells into the peripheral tissue to carry out their function.
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Which of the following is overexpressed during rheumatoid arthritis?
Which of the following is overexpressed during rheumatoid arthritis?
TNF-alpha is routinely involved in inflammation and helps regulate the response of the cells of the innate immune system. Overexpression of TNF-alpha can lead to overstimulation of these immune cells, resulting in the autoimmune disorder of rheumatoid arthritis.
TNF-alpha is routinely involved in inflammation and helps regulate the response of the cells of the innate immune system. Overexpression of TNF-alpha can lead to overstimulation of these immune cells, resulting in the autoimmune disorder of rheumatoid arthritis.
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What is the function of a chemokine?
What is the function of a chemokine?
Chemokines are a type of cytokine (signaling molecule) that recruits other cells to the sight of an infection. Interferons have antiviral properties and activate the inflammatory response, interleukins are responsible for growth and differentiation of leukocytes, and tumor necrosis factor is responsible for mediating many immune functions and facilitates the destruction of tumor cells.
Chemokines are a type of cytokine (signaling molecule) that recruits other cells to the sight of an infection. Interferons have antiviral properties and activate the inflammatory response, interleukins are responsible for growth and differentiation of leukocytes, and tumor necrosis factor is responsible for mediating many immune functions and facilitates the destruction of tumor cells.
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Which of the following is not a direct result of complement activation?
Which of the following is not a direct result of complement activation?
When complement is activated, blood vessels dilate, not constrict. Direct consequences of complement activation include: membrane attack complex forms, dilates blood vessels, attracts neutrophils and macrophages, inflammation, mast cells stimulated, bacteria is made more readily engulfed or opsonized, and antibody-antigen complexes are solubilized.
When complement is activated, blood vessels dilate, not constrict. Direct consequences of complement activation include: membrane attack complex forms, dilates blood vessels, attracts neutrophils and macrophages, inflammation, mast cells stimulated, bacteria is made more readily engulfed or opsonized, and antibody-antigen complexes are solubilized.
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Which of the following is not a cell of innate immunity?
Which of the following is not a cell of innate immunity?
B-lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immunity system, they create plasma cells and antibodies when they recognize a specific antigen. Monocytes are what macrophages are before they leave the bloodstream. Basophils contain granules of histamine which produce an inflammation response when released. Natural killer cells attack infected or cancerous cells.
B-lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immunity system, they create plasma cells and antibodies when they recognize a specific antigen. Monocytes are what macrophages are before they leave the bloodstream. Basophils contain granules of histamine which produce an inflammation response when released. Natural killer cells attack infected or cancerous cells.
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Which white blood cell type will notably increase during allergies and parasitic infections?
Which white blood cell type will notably increase during allergies and parasitic infections?
The white blood cells are typically categorized into several major types. Each of these types have specific roles in the body, and their proportions will change during specific body conditions. Basophils are used to dilate blood vessels by releasing histamine and eosinophils become elevated during parasitic infections and allergy season. Neutrophils play an important role in recruiting other immune cells to damaged tissues. Lymphocytes include B-cells and T-cells and are involved in the adaptive immune response. Monocytes are the preliminary cells that differentiate into macrophages, which are involved in non-specific phagocytosis.
The white blood cells are typically categorized into several major types. Each of these types have specific roles in the body, and their proportions will change during specific body conditions. Basophils are used to dilate blood vessels by releasing histamine and eosinophils become elevated during parasitic infections and allergy season. Neutrophils play an important role in recruiting other immune cells to damaged tissues. Lymphocytes include B-cells and T-cells and are involved in the adaptive immune response. Monocytes are the preliminary cells that differentiate into macrophages, which are involved in non-specific phagocytosis.
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Which of the following leukocytes is NOT a granulocyte?
Which of the following leukocytes is NOT a granulocyte?
White blood cells can be classified by whether or not they have granules in their cytoplasm (granulocytes and agranulocytes). There are three types of granulocytes, and all of them end in the suffix "-phil." Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are considered granulocytes. Lymphocytes are agranulocytes, and do not have granules present in their cytoplasm.
White blood cells can be classified by whether or not they have granules in their cytoplasm (granulocytes and agranulocytes). There are three types of granulocytes, and all of them end in the suffix "-phil." Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils are considered granulocytes. Lymphocytes are agranulocytes, and do not have granules present in their cytoplasm.
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What is the purpose of basophils?
What is the purpose of basophils?
Basophils are part of the innate immunity, and are a key player for stimulating inflammation. Basophils release histamine, which dilates blood vessels and increases the permeability of capillaries. This allows an infection to be walled off in the affected area and helps other white blood cells migrate to the area.
Eosinphils are involved in parasitic immunity and allergic reactions. Neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes are responsible for phagocytosing foreign pathogens. B-lymphocytes release antibodies against a specific antigen.
Basophils are part of the innate immunity, and are a key player for stimulating inflammation. Basophils release histamine, which dilates blood vessels and increases the permeability of capillaries. This allows an infection to be walled off in the affected area and helps other white blood cells migrate to the area.
Eosinphils are involved in parasitic immunity and allergic reactions. Neutrophils, macrophages, and monocytes are responsible for phagocytosing foreign pathogens. B-lymphocytes release antibodies against a specific antigen.
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