Peripheral Nervous System - Anatomy
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Which structure detect rotational acceleration of the head and body?
Which structure detect rotational acceleration of the head and body?
The semicircular canals detect rotation. They consist of three bony canals at right angles to each other. Each is filled with a fluid called endolymph and movement of the body causes the fluid to move. The fluid's movement against tiny hair cells within the canals allows the body to detect rotational acceleration. The cochlea is involved in hearing and the ossicles collectively transmit sound from the external environment/tympanic membrane to the cochlea.
The semicircular canals detect rotation. They consist of three bony canals at right angles to each other. Each is filled with a fluid called endolymph and movement of the body causes the fluid to move. The fluid's movement against tiny hair cells within the canals allows the body to detect rotational acceleration. The cochlea is involved in hearing and the ossicles collectively transmit sound from the external environment/tympanic membrane to the cochlea.
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Which of the following is not considered to be a mechanoreceptor?
Which of the following is not considered to be a mechanoreceptor?
Mechanoreceptors are associated with the perception of touch/proprioception. With this being said, free nerve endings give nociceptive sensory information to perceive pain and would not be considered mechanoreceptors, while all other options are.
Mechanoreceptors are associated with the perception of touch/proprioception. With this being said, free nerve endings give nociceptive sensory information to perceive pain and would not be considered mechanoreceptors, while all other options are.
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Which mechanoreceptors are located more superficially on the skin?
Which mechanoreceptors are located more superficially on the skin?
Both Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel receptors are located superficially underneath the top layer of the skin, the epidermis. This allows these receptors to have a smaller receptor field where more sensitive sensory information can be picked up. To help remember this, use the following tip: "M&Ms (Meissner/Merkel) are small (small receptor fields) and lay on top (superficially) of your hand."
Both Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel receptors are located superficially underneath the top layer of the skin, the epidermis. This allows these receptors to have a smaller receptor field where more sensitive sensory information can be picked up. To help remember this, use the following tip: "M&Ms (Meissner/Merkel) are small (small receptor fields) and lay on top (superficially) of your hand."
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The gate theory of pain indicates that mechanoreceptors nociception.
The gate theory of pain indicates that mechanoreceptors nociception.
The gate theory suggests that mechanoreceptors inhibit nociception. This is done by the mechanoreceptors because they activate an inhibitory neuron that stops signaling of the nociceptors. This theory can apply to the human reaction to when we stub our toe, our natural reaction is to grab the hurt area which stimulates mechanoreceptors and inhibits the nociception.
The gate theory suggests that mechanoreceptors inhibit nociception. This is done by the mechanoreceptors because they activate an inhibitory neuron that stops signaling of the nociceptors. This theory can apply to the human reaction to when we stub our toe, our natural reaction is to grab the hurt area which stimulates mechanoreceptors and inhibits the nociception.
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What type of receptors are associated with A alpha fibers?
What type of receptors are associated with A alpha fibers?
Muscles spindles and GTO's are both receptors of A alpha fibers. These fibers are associated with proprioception within the body. Furthermore, muscle spindles respond to the stretch of a muscle while Golgi tendon organs respond to tension at the tendinous junctions.
Muscles spindles and GTO's are both receptors of A alpha fibers. These fibers are associated with proprioception within the body. Furthermore, muscle spindles respond to the stretch of a muscle while Golgi tendon organs respond to tension at the tendinous junctions.
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How is the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system organized?
How is the parasympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system organized?
Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the central nervous system (CNS); they synapse onto autonomic ganglia. Parasympathetic ganglia are located in or near the effector organs giving them long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fiber. Sympathetic ganglia are located in the paravertebral chain, thus they have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.
Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the central nervous system (CNS); they synapse onto autonomic ganglia. Parasympathetic ganglia are located in or near the effector organs giving them long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic fiber. Sympathetic ganglia are located in the paravertebral chain, thus they have short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.
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What neurotransmitter is used by the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system, respectively?
What neurotransmitter is used by the preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system, respectively?
The parasympathetic nervous system acts oppositely to the sympathetic nervous system, by signaling the activation of relaxation and digestion (increased blood flow to digestive system, pupil constriction, lower heart rate and blood pressure). The parasympathetic nervous system signal is transmitted to the body through a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron. Both of these use acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system.
The parasympathetic nervous system acts oppositely to the sympathetic nervous system, by signaling the activation of relaxation and digestion (increased blood flow to digestive system, pupil constriction, lower heart rate and blood pressure). The parasympathetic nervous system signal is transmitted to the body through a preganglionic neuron and a postganglionic neuron. Both of these use acetylcholine in the parasympathetic nervous system.
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Which of the following senses uses chemoreceptors in order to send signals to the brain?
Which of the following senses uses chemoreceptors in order to send signals to the brain?
Chemoreceptors are used to sense taste and smell. Receptors in the nose and the mouth bind to chemicals that enter these regions. Once bound, the receptors send action potentials to the brain in order to stimulate the sensation of smell and taste. Depending on the type of receptor being bound, different sensations can arise.
Vision, hearing, and touch result from photoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. Photoreceptors in the eyes (namely rods and cones) generate electrical signals in response to light. Mechanoreceptors in the cochlea generate action potentials based on the vibrations of sound waves. Mechanoreceptors in the skin respond to pressure and other external stimuli to produce the sensation of touch.
Chemoreceptors are used to sense taste and smell. Receptors in the nose and the mouth bind to chemicals that enter these regions. Once bound, the receptors send action potentials to the brain in order to stimulate the sensation of smell and taste. Depending on the type of receptor being bound, different sensations can arise.
Vision, hearing, and touch result from photoreceptors and mechanoreceptors. Photoreceptors in the eyes (namely rods and cones) generate electrical signals in response to light. Mechanoreceptors in the cochlea generate action potentials based on the vibrations of sound waves. Mechanoreceptors in the skin respond to pressure and other external stimuli to produce the sensation of touch.
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Which nerve allows for special sensory taste fibers for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
Which nerve allows for special sensory taste fibers for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which is carried by the lingual branch (of the trigeminal nerve), allow for special sensory taste fibers for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The general sensory innervation for the anterior two=thirds of the tongue is provided by the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve from the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V).
The glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) provides sensory and taste to the posterior one-third of the tongue. Hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) provides motor innervation for all the muscles of the tongue (except for palatoglossus which is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).
The chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which is carried by the lingual branch (of the trigeminal nerve), allow for special sensory taste fibers for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. The general sensory innervation for the anterior two=thirds of the tongue is provided by the lingual branch of the mandibular nerve from the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V).
The glossopharyngeal nerve (cranial nerve IX) provides sensory and taste to the posterior one-third of the tongue. Hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII) provides motor innervation for all the muscles of the tongue (except for palatoglossus which is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X).
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Which of the following cranial nerves (CN) is correctly matched to the cranial nerve name?
Which of the following cranial nerves (CN) is correctly matched to the cranial nerve name?
There are twelve cranial nerves. They are given in order below, with their associated functional classes.
CN I - olfactory nerve - sensory
CN II - optic nerve - sensory
CN III - occulomotor nerve - motor
CN IV - trochlear nerve - motor
CN V - trigeminal nerve - both sensory and motor
CN VI - abducens nerve - motor
CN VII - facial nerve - both sensory and motor
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve - sensory
CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve - both sensory and motor
CN X - vagus nerve - both sensory and motor
CN XI - accessory nerve - motor
CN XII - hypoglossal nerve - motor
There are twelve cranial nerves. They are given in order below, with their associated functional classes.
CN I - olfactory nerve - sensory
CN II - optic nerve - sensory
CN III - occulomotor nerve - motor
CN IV - trochlear nerve - motor
CN V - trigeminal nerve - both sensory and motor
CN VI - abducens nerve - motor
CN VII - facial nerve - both sensory and motor
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear nerve - sensory
CN IX - glossopharyngeal nerve - both sensory and motor
CN X - vagus nerve - both sensory and motor
CN XI - accessory nerve - motor
CN XII - hypoglossal nerve - motor
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The frontal lobe, thalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla all house specific cranial nerve nuclei.
Which cranial nerves originate in the pons?
The frontal lobe, thalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla all house specific cranial nerve nuclei.
Which cranial nerves originate in the pons?
The twelve cranial nerves and their origins are given below:
I-Olfactory nerve; origin: frontal lobe
II-Optic nerve; origin: thalamus
III-Ophthalmic nerve; origin: midbrain
IV-Trochlear nerve; origin: midbrain
V-Trigeminal nerve; origin: pons
VI-Abducens nerve; origin: pons
VII-Facial nerve; origin: pons
VIII-Vestibulocochlear nerve; origin: pons
IX-Glossopharyngeal nerve; origin: medulla
X-Vagus nerve; origin: medulla
XI-Spinal Accessory nerve; origin: medulla
XII-Hypoglossal nerve; origin: medulla
The nerves to originate in the pons are V, VI, VII, and VIII (the trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves).
The twelve cranial nerves and their origins are given below:
I-Olfactory nerve; origin: frontal lobe
II-Optic nerve; origin: thalamus
III-Ophthalmic nerve; origin: midbrain
IV-Trochlear nerve; origin: midbrain
V-Trigeminal nerve; origin: pons
VI-Abducens nerve; origin: pons
VII-Facial nerve; origin: pons
VIII-Vestibulocochlear nerve; origin: pons
IX-Glossopharyngeal nerve; origin: medulla
X-Vagus nerve; origin: medulla
XI-Spinal Accessory nerve; origin: medulla
XII-Hypoglossal nerve; origin: medulla
The nerves to originate in the pons are V, VI, VII, and VIII (the trigeminal, abducens, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves).
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Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?
Select the most complete list.
Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?
Select the most complete list.
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" mechanism. When the body is at rest the following occurs: pupils constrict (ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve), lacrimation and salivation occur (facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve), heart rate decreases, respiration rate decreases, and digestion increases (vagus nerve).
In addition to the cranial nerves, sacral nerves 2-4 (pelvic splanchnic nerves) carry parasympathic fibers that control erections, the bladder, and the bowels.
The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "rest and digest" mechanism. When the body is at rest the following occurs: pupils constrict (ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve), lacrimation and salivation occur (facial nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve), heart rate decreases, respiration rate decreases, and digestion increases (vagus nerve).
In addition to the cranial nerves, sacral nerves 2-4 (pelvic splanchnic nerves) carry parasympathic fibers that control erections, the bladder, and the bowels.
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What cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
What cranial nerve is responsible for the sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue?
The facial nerve (CN VII) is responsible for the sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. CN IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, is responsible for posterior sensation. CN V, the trigeminal nerve, is also involved in certain sensations throughout the tongue.
The facial nerve (CN VII) is responsible for the sensation of taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue. CN IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, is responsible for posterior sensation. CN V, the trigeminal nerve, is also involved in certain sensations throughout the tongue.
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What cranial nerves are responsible for parasympathetic (visceral) reactions of the body?
What cranial nerves are responsible for parasympathetic (visceral) reactions of the body?
Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 are all responsible for parasympathetic nuclei of the brainstem. Oculomotor CN 3 contains the Edinger-Westphal nucleus which controls the eye smooth muscles (which if damaged would result in a dilated pupil that would not constrict in bright light). Facial CN 7 controls the superior salivatory nucleus which controls the submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal gland secretion. Glossopharyngeal CN 9 innervates the parotid gland secretions. The vagus CN 10 innervates the heart and lungs down into the chest cavity. Helpful hint** - Students often confuse the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, remember that on the brainstem the facial nerve exits superior to the glossopharyngeal nerve and thus how it is properly named for their nuclei.
Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, and 10 are all responsible for parasympathetic nuclei of the brainstem. Oculomotor CN 3 contains the Edinger-Westphal nucleus which controls the eye smooth muscles (which if damaged would result in a dilated pupil that would not constrict in bright light). Facial CN 7 controls the superior salivatory nucleus which controls the submandibular, sublingual, and lacrimal gland secretion. Glossopharyngeal CN 9 innervates the parotid gland secretions. The vagus CN 10 innervates the heart and lungs down into the chest cavity. Helpful hint** - Students often confuse the superior and inferior salivatory nuclei, remember that on the brainstem the facial nerve exits superior to the glossopharyngeal nerve and thus how it is properly named for their nuclei.
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Which of the following statements is true concerning the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following statements is true concerning the autonomic nervous system?
The autonomic nervous system can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Although both divisions have target organs and tissues, the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are usually much closer to the effector organ than sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
The autonomic nervous system is under involuntary control, while the somatic nervous system is under voluntary control. Only sympathetic postganglionic neurons use epinephrine; most autonomic neurons use acetylcholine. Both divisions include neurons that originate from the spinal cord. The cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions, meaning that they can be involved in either somatic or autonomic innervation.
The autonomic nervous system can be divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Although both divisions have target organs and tissues, the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are usually much closer to the effector organ than sympathetic postganglionic neurons.
The autonomic nervous system is under involuntary control, while the somatic nervous system is under voluntary control. Only sympathetic postganglionic neurons use epinephrine; most autonomic neurons use acetylcholine. Both divisions include neurons that originate from the spinal cord. The cranial nerves have both sensory and motor functions, meaning that they can be involved in either somatic or autonomic innervation.
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Which cranial nerves are part of the visceral efferent parasympathetic in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Which cranial nerves are part of the visceral efferent parasympathetic in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
The cranial nerves that are part of the visceral efferent parasympathetic in the PNS are III, VII, IX, and X. Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) travels to the ciliary ganglion and supplies the pupil of the eye for constriction. Cranial nerve VII (facial) travels to the pterygomandibular and submandibular ganglion and supplies the lacrimal and salivary glands. Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) travels to the otic ganglion and supplies the Parotid gland. Lastly, cranial nerve X (vagus) travels to the Prevertebral plexus and thoracic plexus in order to supply the gut, heart, and enteric system.
The cranial nerves that are part of the visceral efferent parasympathetic in the PNS are III, VII, IX, and X. Cranial nerve III (oculomotor) travels to the ciliary ganglion and supplies the pupil of the eye for constriction. Cranial nerve VII (facial) travels to the pterygomandibular and submandibular ganglion and supplies the lacrimal and salivary glands. Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) travels to the otic ganglion and supplies the Parotid gland. Lastly, cranial nerve X (vagus) travels to the Prevertebral plexus and thoracic plexus in order to supply the gut, heart, and enteric system.
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Atropine is a molecule that is an antagonist to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Based on your knowledge of autonomic nervous system physiology, how would you expect the pupils to respond to topical administration of atropine?
Atropine is a molecule that is an antagonist to muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Based on your knowledge of autonomic nervous system physiology, how would you expect the pupils to respond to topical administration of atropine?
The pupillary sphincter muscles contain muscarinic cholinergic receptors that help the eyes to respond to parasympathetic tone. When this parasympathetic signal is blocked (antagonized) via atropine, you will observe a "sympathetic response" at the level of the pupil. In this scenario, you would observe the sympathetic response of pupil dilation. Hint: "aTROP'ine" and "seeing a TROPical setting" both cause your pupils to dilate nice and wide!
The pupillary sphincter muscles contain muscarinic cholinergic receptors that help the eyes to respond to parasympathetic tone. When this parasympathetic signal is blocked (antagonized) via atropine, you will observe a "sympathetic response" at the level of the pupil. In this scenario, you would observe the sympathetic response of pupil dilation. Hint: "aTROP'ine" and "seeing a TROPical setting" both cause your pupils to dilate nice and wide!
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Which of these is a feature of the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which of these is a feature of the parasympathetic nervous system?
The parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy and is thus know as the "rest and digest" system. It slows heart rate, increases salivation, lacrimation, urination, deification, digestion, and sexual arousal. The nerves of the parasympathetic system arise in the CNS. Specific nerves include cranial nerves, including the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve.
In the sympathetic nervous system some sympathetic fibers pass through the paravertebral ganglia, and others synapse there.
The parasympathetic nervous system conserves energy and is thus know as the "rest and digest" system. It slows heart rate, increases salivation, lacrimation, urination, deification, digestion, and sexual arousal. The nerves of the parasympathetic system arise in the CNS. Specific nerves include cranial nerves, including the oculomotor nerve, facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, and vagus nerve.
In the sympathetic nervous system some sympathetic fibers pass through the paravertebral ganglia, and others synapse there.
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Which of the following nerves carries parasympathetic nerve fibers?
Which of the following nerves carries parasympathetic nerve fibers?
The vagus nerve (CNX) provides the heart and digestive tract with parasympathetic ("rest and digest") control.
Cranial nerves with associated parasympathetic activity include CN III, VII, IX, and X. The sympathetic trunk and the white ramus communicans are associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
The vagus nerve (CNX) provides the heart and digestive tract with parasympathetic ("rest and digest") control.
Cranial nerves with associated parasympathetic activity include CN III, VII, IX, and X. The sympathetic trunk and the white ramus communicans are associated with the sympathetic nervous system.
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Which fiber type is associated with chronic pain?
Which fiber type is associated with chronic pain?
C fibers are associated with chronic pain perception because they transmit "slow pain". This is due to the fibers being unmyelinated. In addition, these fibers send projections to the limbic system and the thalamus which causes the brain to develop chronic pain associations.
C fibers are associated with chronic pain perception because they transmit "slow pain". This is due to the fibers being unmyelinated. In addition, these fibers send projections to the limbic system and the thalamus which causes the brain to develop chronic pain associations.
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